The Man with a Measuring Rod 1 In the twenty-fifth year of our exile, at the head of the year, on the tenth of the month, in the fourteenth year after the city was struck — on that very day the hand of the LORD was on me, and he brought me there.
Jerome · AD 420 Your prayers, daughter Eustochium, and the Lord's promises have overcome my fear of explaining the temple of Ezekiel, or rather my determination to remain silent, as it says: Ask, and it will be given to you; seek, and you will find; knock, and it will be opened to you.
Gregory the Dialogist · AD 604 It should be noted what he says: "In the fourteenth year after the city was struck, on that same day." For what does it mean that through this final vision almighty God deigned to show the mercy of His promise on that very day on which He fulfilled the wrath of justice upon the stricken city, except that that power of divinity, which is not drawn into any movement of change or…
2 In visions of God he brought me to the land of Israel and laid me down on a very high mountain; and on it was like the structure of a city to the south.
Gregory the Dialogist · AD 604 "The hand of the Lord came upon me, and brought me there in visions of God: He brought me into the land of Israel, and set me down upon a very high mountain, upon which there was as it were the structure of a city facing toward the South." The building of this city certainly cannot be understood according to the letter.
Isaac of Nineveh · AD 700 Ezekiel was caught away supranaturally by the action of revelation, and he came to Jerusalem; and in a divine revelation he was a beholder the renewal that was to come. It is likewise with purity of soul.
3 And he brought me there, and see: a man whose appearance was like the appearance of bronze, and a cord of flax in his hand, and a measuring reed; and he was standing in the gate.
Jerome · AD 420 This man spoke to the prophet, in whose hand was a cord, and whose appearance was like bronze, and he held a reed in his hand. He spoke to Ezekiel, a true architect, whom Paul the apostle imitated, saying: Like a wise architect, I have laid the foundation.
Gregory the Dialogist · AD 604 We have also learned from the testimony of the Holy Gospel that one came who said: "Master, I will follow You wherever You go." To whom the answer was given: "Foxes have dens, and birds of the sky have nests, but the Son of Man has nowhere to lay His head." Another came who said: "Master, let me first go and bury my father." To whom it is said: "Let the dead bury their dead, bu…
4 And the man spoke to me: Son of man, see with your eyes and hear with your ears and set your heart on all that I am showing you, for you were brought here so that it might be shown to you. Tell all that you see to the house of Israel.
Jerome · AD 420 But it is not enough to command to see with the eyes and hear with the ears; but he added: And place your heart in all things; or, place in your heart all that I will show you. For nothing is of benefit to have seen and heard, unless you place those things that you have seen and heard in the treasure of memory.
Gregory the Dialogist · AD 604 Brought to the testimony of spiritual things, what is it that when it is said: "See with eyes," "your" is added, and when it is subjoined "Hear with ears," "your" is added? But it should be known that the eyes and ears of the body are present even to carnal men, and are in use for them for things that are seen corporeally.
The East Gate 5 And see: a wall on the outside of the house all around. And in the hand of the man a measuring reed of six cubits, by the cubit and a handbreadth; and he measured the breadth of the building, one reed, and the height, one reed.
Jerome · AD 420 (Verse 5 and following) And behold, there was a wall surrounding the house on all sides, and in the hand of the man was a measuring reed of six cubits and a handbreadth, and he measured the width of the building with the reed, one reed wide, and the height with the reed, one reed high.
Gregory the Dialogist · AD 604 Generally in sacred Scripture the incarnate Lord Himself is accustomed to be called a wall from the protection of His defense, just as it is said of holy Church through the prophet: "A wall and a rampart shall be set in her." For He Himself is a wall to us, who surrounds us by guarding us on every side.
Bonaventure · AD 1257 Next, through the addition of one unit, there is a comparison in relation to the number six. In this sense is understood the measure of the one who carried a rod of six cubits and one palm for the measuring of the temple. Seven, for Gregory, is the number of universality, as found in the major and minor worlds, and in God.
6 And he came to the gate whose face is the way of the east and went up its steps; and he measured the sill of the gate, one reed in breadth, and the other sill, one reed in breadth.
Jerome · AD 420 The Apostle Paul, desiring the Ephesians to understand more sacred things, prays that they may be filled with the wisdom and love of the Lord, so that rooted and founded, they may be able to know and comprehend the breadth, and length, and depth, and height, and the profound riches of Him.
Gregory the Dialogist · AD 604 And went up the stairs thereof. For what are the steps of this gate but the merits of virtues? For whether in the knowledge of the Mediator of God and men, the man Jesus Christ, or in the knowledge of divine eloquence, or in that very faith which we have received from Him, we arrive at higher advancements by certain steps.
7 And the guardroom, one reed in length and one reed in breadth; and between the guardrooms, five cubits; and the sill of the gate beside the porch of the gate, from the house, one reed.
Gregory the Dialogist · AD 604 And every little chamber was one reed long, and one reed broad. Let us consider what usually happens in a bridal chamber, and from that let us understand what takes place in the holy Church. In the bridal chamber, of course, the bridegroom and bride are joined in covenant and united to each other in love.
8 And he measured the porch of the gate, from the house, one reed.
Jerome · AD 420 He also measured the width of the threshold of the ten-cubit gate, which is a perfect number and is contained either in the Decalogue or in the sacraments of the four Gospels. Whoever begins with one, reaches four in such a way as to fill the number ten.
Gregory the Dialogist · AD 604 The man, whose appearance was like the appearance of bronze, measured the vestibule of the gate at eight cubits, and its front at two cubits. And lest we should believe the vestibule to be outside the gate, it is added: But the vestibule of the gate was on the inside.
9 And he measured the porch of the gate, eight cubits, and its pilasters, two cubits; and the porch of the gate was from the house.
Gregory the Dialogist · AD 604 And its front was two cubits. But no one comes to that place unless he has held here with a devoted mind love of God and neighbor. Hence it is added: "And its front was two cubits." For the front of the gate is the good merit of the present life.
10 And the guardrooms of the gate the way of the east: three on this side and three on that side; one measure for the three of them, and one measure for the pilasters on this side and on that.
Gregory the Dialogist · AD 604 Moreover the chambers of the gate toward the way of the East were three on this side and three on that side, and there was one measure for the three. What the chambers and what the Eastern way designate, we have already said above, and we do not think it necessary to repeat them at greater length.
11 And he measured the breadth of the opening of the gate, ten cubits; the length of the gate, thirteen cubits.
Gregory the Dialogist · AD 604 And he measured the width of the threshold of the gate as ten cubits, and the length of the gate as thirteen cubits. We have already said much above about the meaning of the gate, but we ought to hold to one thing through which the prudence of the reader can also penetrate the rest. Indeed it was said that Sacred Scripture can be figured through the gate.
12 And a border before the guardrooms, one cubit; and one cubit the border on that side. And the guardroom, six cubits on this side and six cubits on that side.
Gregory the Dialogist · AD 604 The chambers having been mentioned above, the prophet adds that the chambers were six cubits on this side and on that side. In this matter a great question arises for us: why did he say above that the chamber was measured by one reed, which reed he declared to have six cubits and a handbreadth, yet below he says the chambers are measured by only six cubits?
13 And he measured the gate from the roof of one guardroom to the roof of the other, a breadth of twenty-five cubits, opening against opening.
Gregory the Dialogist · AD 604 And he measured the gate from the roof of one chamber to the roof of the other, a width of twenty-five cubits. We have often said already that the gate can signify faith, and through that same faith our Lord and Redeemer himself, the Mediator of God and men, Jesus Christ, because through the faith that is in him the entrance to life lies open.
14 And he made the pilasters sixty cubits; and to the pilaster of the court was the gate, all around.
Jerome · AD 420 (Verse 14 and following) He made fronts for sixty cubits, and the courtyard of the gate had a surrounding circuit. And before the face of the gate, which reached up to the face of the interior vestibule gate, there were fifty cubits, and oblique windows in the chambers, and in their fronts which were inside the gate all around.
Gregory the Dialogist · AD 604 And he made fronts of sixty cubits, and to the front of the gate was the court on every side round about. We have often said that perfection of good work is signified by the number six, not following what the wise men of this age have striven to establish, saying that the number six is perfect because it is completed when counted in its own order, as when one, two, three are sa…
15 And from the face of the gate of the entrance to the face of the porch of the inner gate, fifty cubits.
Jerome · AD 420 And after seven full weeks of festivity and joy, the first day of the Octave begins, which is the Day of Resurrection, and it brings us close to the temple.
Gregory the Dialogist · AD 604 And before the face of the gate which extended to the face of the vestibule of the inner gate, fifty cubits. That which is said in this place, "Before the face of the gate," describes not the exterior, but the interior place before the gate, since it is reported to extend up to the face of the vestibule of the inner gate.
16 And closed windows to the guardrooms and to their pilasters, inward to the gate all around, and so for the porches; and windows all around inward; and on the pilaster, palms.
Gregory the Dialogist · AD 604 And likewise there were windows round about within in the vestibules. After he said there were windows in the fronts, he adds windows in the vestibules round about on the inside, because not only do the lofty members of holy Church who stand out have the grace of contemplation, but often even those members receive this gift who, although they already spring up toward the highes…
The Outer Court 17 And he brought me to the outer court, and see: chambers, and a pavement made for the court all around — thirty chambers on the pavement.
Jerome · AD 420 And the pavement was laid with stone, so that the feet of the inhabitants, who were sinners, would not be polluted by mud, dirt, and the dust. But rather, the stones on which the temple of God is built, were walked upon.
Gregory the Dialogist · AD 604 After the prophet, introducing oblique windows concerning the grace of contemplation, spoke many things, he says he was led outside, and recalls having seen treasuries. In these treasuries, what else is designated but the knowledge of teachers?
18 And the pavement was at the shoulder of the gates, alongside the length of the gates: the lower pavement.
Gregory the Dialogist · AD 604 But in this matter we must vigilantly observe that the prophet, after he had described the treasury chambers, added: "The pavement round about." And below he added: "The treasury chambers round about the pavement." So that both the treasury chambers appear to be round about the pavement, and the pavement round about the treasury chambers.
19 And he measured the breadth from before the lower gate to before the inner court, on the outside, a hundred cubits — the east and the north.
Gregory the Dialogist · AD 604 In these words, if we understand the gate as the entrance by which we enter into the knowledge of the Lord, the lower gate is faith, while the inner court is contemplation. Moreover, the lower gate has width in its face, because clearly faith through the amplitude of its charity has that operation which is seen by neighbors.
The North Gate 20 And the gate whose face is the way of the north, of the outer court: he measured its length and its breadth.
Jerome · AD 420 (Verse 20, 21.) He also measured the gate of the outer court that faced north, both in length and width. It had three rooms on each side, and its front and vestibule were the same size as those of the gate that faced east.
Gregory the Dialogist · AD 604 Readers must exercise great discernment, so that when any single word is used in sacred Scripture, it is not believed to always signify one and the same thing—just as sometimes "sun" is taken in a good sense, and sometimes in a bad sense. For by the name of sun, sometimes our Redeemer Himself is signified, and sometimes persecution.
21 And its guardrooms, three on this side and three on that side; and its pilasters and its porches were as the measure of the first gate — fifty cubits its length, and a breadth of twenty-five by the cubit.
Jerome · AD 420 And it had, it says, fifty cubits in length and twenty-five in width, so that eternal rest might be demonstrated after fifty weeks following seven weeks: extending during the day of resurrection to the kingdoms of heaven, in which true rest is found.
Gregory the Dialogist · AD 604 And because in the knowledge of the Holy Trinity hearers advance from the word of preaching in love of the same Trinity, this same gate has three chambers on one side and three on the other, because everything that the Creator speaks concerning the Trinity through the New Testament, He also shows from the Old Testament.
22 And its windows and its porches and its palms were as the measure of the gate whose face is the way of the east; and by seven steps they go up to it, and its porches were before them.
Gregory the Dialogist · AD 604 "And its windows, and its vestibule, and its carvings were according to the measure of the gate which looked toward the East; and its ascent was of seven steps, and the vestibule before it." All these things have already been discussed more extensively above, and therefore the discourse should not be delayed with a lengthy exposition.
23 And a gate to the inner court was opposite the gate to the north and to the east; and he measured from gate to gate, a hundred cubits.
Gregory the Dialogist · AD 604 "And the gate of the inner court opposite the gate to the North and to the East." In this place "contra" [against/opposite] is placed not for opposition, but for straightness; for the gate of the inner court was shown to be positioned such that the gate of the North and of the East extended to it by a straight approach.
The South Gate 24 And he led me the way of the south, and see: a gate the way of the south; and he measured its pilasters and its porches as these measures.
Jerome · AD 420 (Verse 24 and following) 'And he led me to the south gate, and behold, there was a gate that faced south. And its frontispiece and vestibule were measured according to the upper measurements, and its windows and vestibules all around were like the other windows.
Gregory the Dialogist · AD 604 "And he led me out to the way of the South, and behold a gate which looked toward the South; and he measured its front and its vestibule according to the measures above." All these things have already been said regarding the gate of the East and the North, and it is not fitting that we should repeatedly go over what we have already explained once and twice.
25 And windows to it and to its porches all around, like these windows: fifty cubits in length, and a breadth of twenty-five cubits.
Gregory the Dialogist · AD 604 "And there were windows in it and in the arches thereof round about, like those windows: the length was fifty cubits, and the breadth five and twenty cubits." Among these matters, however, it can be asked, since there are four parts of this world, why in this building of the outer court are not four but three gates mentioned?
26 And seven steps going up to it, and its porches before them; and palms it had, one on this side and one on that side, on its pilasters.
Gregory the Dialogist · AD 604 "And there were seven steps to go up to it, and the arches thereof were before them: and it had palm trees, one on this side, and another on that side, upon the posts thereof." What is the meaning of this, that earlier a painting of palms was on the fronts, but now carved palms are mentioned as being on the front?
27 And a gate to the inner court the way of the south; and he measured from gate to the gate the way of the south, a hundred cubits.
Jerome · AD 420 And lest we think there is only one atrium to the south, it is said about the second atrium: And the entrance of the inner atrium is on the southern road: and it is measured from the entrance to the entrance on the southern road one hundred cubits; so that after a week and the sacraments of the old covenant, she may reach the good land and the grace of the Gospel.
Gregory the Dialogist · AD 604 Now it is said: "And the gate of the inner court toward the South way, and he measured from gate to gate in the South way, one hundred cubits." Now, therefore, we must inquire what these three inner gates are.
The Gates of the Inner Court 28 And he brought me to the inner court by the south gate; and he measured the south gate as these measures.
Gregory the Dialogist · AD 604 "And he brought me into the inner court by the South gate, and he measured the gate according to the former measures." But if by the name of gates we understand only the holy apostles to be designated, who are indeed the first preachers of holy Church to us, and who taught us to hold most firmly to faith, hope, and charity, they therefore are gates for us in these virtues, who…
29 And its guardrooms and its pilasters and its porches were as these measures; and windows to it and to its porches all around: fifty cubits in length, and a breadth of twenty-five cubits.
Gregory the Dialogist · AD 604 "And he measured the gate according to the former measures, its chamber, and its front, and its vestibule with the same measures, and its windows, and its vestibule round about, fifty cubits in length, and twenty-five cubits in width, and the vestibule all around." What, therefore, is signified by the inner court, by the chamber, by the fronts, by the vestibule, by the windows,…
30 And porches all around: twenty-five cubits in length, and a breadth of five cubits.
Gregory the Dialogist · AD 604 "Twenty-five cubits in length, and five cubits in width, and its vestibule toward the outer court." The interior gates have vestibules that are measured as twenty-five cubits in length. For if we multiply eight by three, we arrive at twenty-four. To this one is added, so that we have twenty-five.
31 And its porches were toward the outer court, and palms on its pilasters; and eight steps were its stairway.
Gregory the Dialogist · AD 604 "And its palm trees on the front, and there were eight steps by which one ascended to it." This step, as Truth teaches, was shown to a certain man, who when the precepts of the law were spoken to him, responded: All these things have I kept from my youth. For he was standing as it were already on seven steps, when he said he had kept all things from his youth.
32 And he brought me to the inner court the way of the east, and he measured the gate as these measures.
Jerome · AD 420 (Versed. 28 seqq.) And he led me into the inner courtyard by the eastern way: and he measured the gate according to the upper measurements; its chamber and its front and its vestibule as before, and its windows and its vestibules all around, with a length of fifty cubits and a width of twenty-five cubits.
Gregory the Dialogist · AD 604 "And he brought me into the inner court by the East gate, and he measured the gate according to the former measures, its chamber, and its front, and its vestibule as above." This also which is written concerning the South gate is narrated in the same order concerning the East gate as well.
33 And its guardrooms and its pilasters and its porches were as these measures; and windows to it and to its porches all around: fifty cubits in length, and a breadth of twenty-five cubits.
Gregory the Dialogist · AD 604 "And its windows, and its vestibules round about, fifty cubits in length, and twenty-five cubits in width." But if the Gentile world is designated by the name of the North, it is clear to all who read carefully that the Gentile world existed before the Synagogue. For Heber himself, from whom the Hebrews are named, was chosen from among the Gentiles.
34 And its porches were toward the outer court, and palms on its pilasters on this side and on that; and eight steps were its stairway.
Gregory the Dialogist · AD 604 "And its vestibule, that is, of the inner court, and palm trees carved on its front on this side and on that, and its ascent was by eight steps." In the first description, therefore, let the Eastern gate be before the gate of the North and of the South; but in the second, let the gate of the East be named between the gate of the South and of the North, because both from His div…
35 And he brought me to the north gate and measured it as these measures —
Jerome · AD 420 (Verse 35 and following) 'And he brought me to the gate that faced the north, and he measured it according to the higher measurements: its chamber, its facade, its vestibule, and its windows all around: it was fifty cubits long and twenty-five cubits wide.
Gregory the Dialogist · AD 604 "And he brought me to the gate which looked toward the North, and he measured according to the former measures, its chamber, and its front, and its vestibule." Those things also which were said concerning the South gate and the East gate are repeated in the same words also concerning the gate which looks toward the North. The converted Gentile world is designated by the North.
36 its guardrooms, its pilasters and its porches, and windows to it all around: fifty cubits in length, and a breadth of twenty-five cubits.
Gregory the Dialogist · AD 604 "And its windows round about, fifty cubits in length, and twenty-five cubits in width." But because our discourse has led us to the resurrection of the flesh, it is exceedingly sad and greatly lamentable that we know some stand in the Church and yet doubt the resurrection of the flesh.
37 And its pilasters were toward the outer court, and palms on its pilasters on this side and on that; and eight steps were its stairway.
Gregory the Dialogist · AD 604 "And its vestibule looked toward the outer court, and carved palm trees on its front on this side and on that, and its ascent was by eight steps." Behold, the ancient and new Fathers agree with one another in one spirit concerning the resurrection of the flesh.
Eight Tables for Sacrifices 38 And a chamber, and its opening, was at the pilasters of the gates. There they wash the burnt offering.
Jerome · AD 420 And there are four tables made of square stones, and these themselves are for sacrifice and burnt offering (also called holocausts). These are living stones that are rolled upon the earth, and they have with them a corner stone, by which the walls of the old and new Covenant are held together.
Gregory the Dialogist · AD 604 "And for each treasury chamber there was a door in the fronts of the gates." We said above that the treasuries are the hearts of teachers, which preserve the riches of knowledge. The fronts of the gates are the words and works of preachers, by which we recognize outwardly what kind of persons they are who live within themselves.
39 And in the porch of the gate, two tables on this side and two tables on that side, on which to slaughter the burnt offering and the sin offering and the guilt offering.
Gregory the Dialogist · AD 604 That the holocaust might be slain upon them, and for sin, and for trespass. Concerning the four tables of the inner vestibule it is said: "That the holocaust might be slain upon them, and for sin, and for trespass." For there is this difference between sin and trespass: sin is to do evil things, while trespass is to abandon good things which ought especially to be maintained.
40 And at the outer shoulder, as one goes up to the opening of the north gate, two tables; and at the other shoulder, which is at the porch of the gate, two tables.
Gregory the Dialogist · AD 604 The gate that leads to the north. The gate that leads to the north also has two tables on one side and two on the other—the same chief priests and elders of the people we mentioned who held greater authority in governance, as well as the scribes and Pharisees who presided over that unlearned people in a lesser position.
41 Four tables on this side and four tables on that side, at the shoulder of the gate — eight tables, on which they slaughter.
Gregory the Dialogist · AD 604 Four tables on this side, and four tables on that side, by the sides of the gate. But let it be said: Four tables on this side, and four tables on that side by the sides of the gate. For while faith and life, doctrine and prophecy are kept in the minds of the good, our gate, that is the understanding of sacred speech, has four tables on its side.
42 And four tables for the burnt offering, of hewn stones: a cubit and a half in length, and a cubit and a half in breadth, and one cubit high; on them they lay the vessels with which they slaughter the burnt offering and the sacrifice.
Gregory the Dialogist · AD 604 These tables were made from squared stones, in length one and a half cubits, and in width one and a half cubits, and in height one cubit. These tables were made from squared stones, because while they meditate daily on the words of sacred eloquence in their hearts, they are constructed as if from squared stones for offering the holocaust of prayer to the Lord.
43 And ledges of one handbreadth were fixed in the house all around; and on the tables was the flesh of the offering.
Gregory the Dialogist · AD 604 Turned inward all around. It must be carefully considered what is said, that the lips of these same tables are turned inward. For the lips of the tables are turned inward when teachers recall to their conscience by silent thought what they say, when they subtly examine themselves whether they do what they speak.
Chambers for Ministry 44 And outside the inner gate were chambers of singers, in the inner court, which was at the shoulder of the north gate, and their faces the way of the south; one at the shoulder of the east gate, its face the way of the north.
Jerome · AD 420 (Vers. 44 seqq.) "And outside the front gate of the cantor's treasury in the inner courtyard, which was on the side of the gate facing the north, their faces were towards the south: one on the side of the eastern gate, which faced the way of the north." Regarding the treasuries, the Seventy translated them as exedrae.
Gregory the Dialogist · AD 604 The North gate can signify the Gentiles, the South way Judea, and the East gate the Lord Himself. For not without reason is the Gentile world represented by the North, which he possessed in the coldness of torpor who said: "I will sit on the mount of the covenant, on the sides of the North." Judea is also rightly understood by the South gate, in which the spiritual fathers burn…
45 And he spoke to me: This chamber, whose face is the way of the south, is for the priests who keep the charge of the house.
Jerome · AD 420 "And he said to me: This is the treasury that faces the southern way of the priests, who keep watch in the temple's guardrooms.
Gregory the Dialogist · AD 604 In these words of the prophet we must first inquire who are the priests of the greater order, whether those who keep watch in the guardianships of the temple, or those who serve at the ministry of the altar.
46 And the chamber whose face is the way of the north is for the priests who keep the charge of the altar. These are the sons of Zadok, those of the sons of Levi who draw near to the LORD to serve him.
Gregory the Dialogist · AD 604 But in this matter a question arises, since it was said above that the treasury chambers had their fronts toward the Southern way, by what reasoning is it now said that the treasury chamber which looks toward the southern way belongs to the priests who keep watch in the guardianship of the temple, and the treasury chamber which looks toward the way of the North belongs to the p…
The Inner Court 47 And he measured the court: a hundred cubits in length and a hundred cubits in breadth, square; and the altar was before the house.
Jerome · AD 420 "And he measured the porch of the temple by the length of one hundred cubits, and the width of one hundred cubits, square: and the altar that was before the temple." But this man who introduced Ezekiel into the inner courtyard, and so to speak, into the Holy of Holies, measured the courtyard itself, in which there were two chambers or treasuries assigned to the guards of the te…
Gregory the Dialogist · AD 604 Whence it is also added: And the altar before the face of the temple. What is a temple, if not the faithful people? As it is said to the disciples through the Apostle Paul: "For the temple of God is holy, which you are." And what is the altar of God, if not the mind of those living well?
48 And he brought me to the porch of the house and measured the pilaster of the porch, five cubits on this side and five cubits on that side; and the breadth of the gate, three cubits on this side and three cubits on that side.
Jerome · AD 420 "And he brought me into the porch of the temple, and he measured the porch five cubits on this side, and five cubits on that side: and the breadth of the gate three cubits on this side, and three cubits on that side." Moreover, the aforementioned man led Ezekiel into the vestibule, or πρόπυλον of the temple, which measured five cubits on each side, for the one who was brought i…
49 The length of the porch, twenty cubits, and the breadth eleven cubits; and by the steps that they go up to it; and pillars were by the pilasters, one on this side and one on that side.
Jerome · AD 420 "And the length of the porch was twenty cubits, and the breadth eleven cubits, and there were steps to it: and pillars before the gates one on this side, and another on that side." But what follows, the length of the vestibule is twenty cubits, and the width is eleven cubits, seems to raise the question of how the dual number, which refers to two decades, and the eleventh, whic…