Chapter Thirteen
Lk. 13:1. At that time some came and told Him about the Galileans, whose blood Pilate had mingled with their sacrifices.
Judas the Galilean, whom the same evangelist mentions also in Acts (Acts 5:37), being himself learned in the Law, persuaded many other Galileans to adhere to his teaching. He taught that no one among men, not even the emperor himself, was permitted to be called lord, whether in the literal sense or in the sense of honor and goodwill. For this reason many of them, because they would not call Caesar lord, were cruelly punished. They also taught that no sacrifices should be offered except those commanded by Moses; therefore they forbade sacrifices on behalf of Caesar and the Roman people. Probably in indignation at this, Pilate ordered these Galileans to be slaughtered during those very sacrifices for the Roman people which they had been forbidding. Therefore their blood was mingled with the blood of the sacrifices. Some reported this to the Savior as something that had occurred on account of piety, wishing to learn His opinion on this matter. For some thought that they had suffered quite justly as sinners, since they were the instigators of sedition and had aroused in Pilate a hatred toward the Jews, for their refusal to call Caesar lord was extended to the entire Jewish nation.
Lk. 13:2. Jesus said to them in response: do you think that these Galileans were more sinful than all other Galileans, that they suffered thus?
Lk. 13:3. No, I tell you, but unless you repent, you will all likewise perish.
The Savior does not deny that they were sinful, but neither does He say that they suffered so because they were more sinful than the rest, who did not suffer. But if you too do not repent, if you do not cease stirring up and kindling internal conflicts and do not hasten to propitiate God with deeds, you will undergo an even worse fate. For one must not, under the pretext of piety, seek glory for oneself, and in the meantime stir up internal seditions.
Lk. 13:4. Or do you think that those eighteen people, on whom the tower of Siloam fell and killed them, were more guilty than all who lived in Jerusalem?
Lk. 13:5. No, I tell you, but unless you repent, you will all likewise perish.
The tower that fell in Siloam was a foreshadowing of what would later happen to that people. By the example of the few who perished then, it instructed many that they too would suffer great evil. For the tower served as a prefiguration of the entire city, and those eighteen people who perished — of the entire nation. Indeed, when the city fell to Titus, the whole people, obstinate in unbelief, perished along with it. This should be a lesson for us in all daily occurrences. If some fall while we remain without trials, this should not serve as grounds for complete carelessness, as though we remain without trials because we are righteous; on the contrary, we ought to be all the more instructed, for they are punished so that we might improve; and if we do not correct ourselves, our woe will be greater.
Lk. 13:6. And He spoke this parable: A certain man had a fig tree planted in his vineyard, and he came seeking fruit on it, and found none;
In accordance with the course of the discourse, He presents this parable. Before this He said: "unless you repent... you will perish." Now, He fittingly appends this parable. The fig tree is the Jewish people, producing only bitter leaves but bearing no fruit. It stood in the vineyard of God, that is, in the Jewish church. The master of the house—Christ—came and sought fruit of faith and good works (in the Jews), but did not find any.
Lk. 13:7. And he said to the vinedresser: Behold, for three years I have come seeking fruit on this fig tree and find none; cut it down: why does it even occupy the land?
He came at three appointed times: once through Moses, another time through the prophets, and the third time He came personally.
Lk. 13:8. Lord, leave it this year also, until I dig around it and put on manure.
Lk. 13:9. whether it bears fruit; but if not, then in the following year you will cut it down.
Finally, since, despite all this, the Jews did not repent, Christ cut them off from the love of God. For they are no longer called the people of the Lord and a holy nation, but in their place the Gentiles have been brought in, who are able to bring forth fruit (Matt. 21:43).
Under the fig tree one can also understand all of humanity: under the master of the house, God the Father; under the vinedresser, the Son of God, Who appeared in the flesh in order to bestow care and cleanse our vineyard. Christ does not allow this fig tree to be cut down as barren, saying to the Father: "Leave it this year also." If people did not improve through the Law and the prophets and did not bring forth the fruit of repentance, then I shall yet water them with My teaching and sufferings, and perhaps they will bring forth the fruit of obedience. But if the fig tree does not bear fruit, then afterwards You will cut it down, having rejected them from the lot of the righteous. Three times God sought fruit from our race (the human race), and three times it did not yield any: the first time, when we transgressed the commandment in paradise (Gen. 3:12–13); the second time, when during the giving of the Law they cast a calf (Exod. 32:2–4) and exchanged the glory of God "for the image of an ox that eats grass" (Ps. 106:20); the third time, when they demanded the crucifixion of the Savior and Lord, saying: "We have no king but Caesar" (John 19:15).
And each of us individually is a fig tree planted in the vineyard of God, that is, in the Church or, to put it simply, in this present world. God comes seeking fruit, and if He finds you fruitless, He commands that you be uprooted from this present life. But the vinedresser can spare you. And who is this vinedresser? Either the guardian Angel of each person, or the person himself. For each one is his own vinedresser. Often, having fallen into a mortal illness or other dangers, we say: Lord! Leave us this year too, and we will repent. For this is what it means to dig around and apply manure. The soul is dug around when it shakes off from itself the dust of worldly cares and becomes light. It is covered with manure, that is, with the warmth of an inglorious life despised by all. For when someone for the salvation of his soul abandons glory and resolves upon an inglorious life, then this is called covering the soul with manure, so that it might bear fruit. If we bear fruit, that is good; but if not, then the Lord will no longer leave us in His vineyard, but uproots us from this present world, so that we do not occupy the place in vain. And whoever sees a sinner living a long time is himself corrupted and becomes worse, and thus it turns out that the sinner himself bears no fruit, and also hinders another who could have borne fruit. But if he is uprooted from this present life, then those who witnessed his cutting down may perhaps come to their senses, change, and bear fruit.
It is said that the householder came to the fig tree for three years, perhaps because three Laws have been given to us, through which the Lord comes to us, namely: the natural, the Mosaic, and the spiritual. We ought to have borne fruit even under the guidance of the natural law, for nature by itself teaches what is proper. But since the Lord found the natural law ineffective in us, He gave the Mosaic Law as an aid to the natural one. And when this too proved useless due to our negligence, He gave the spiritual Law. Therefore, whoever's soul is not improved by these three laws, whoever cannot be improved despite such longsuffering and love for mankind, is no longer left for any further time, since God cannot be deceived by delays.
Understand, perhaps, by the three years also three stages of life: adolescence, or youth, which is reckoned up to eighteen years, maturity, and the stage of those who are already beginning to turn gray. Therefore, if even in old age, in this third year, we do not bear fruit, and if we are still permitted to live so as to heap dung upon ourselves through the embrace of a dishonorable life for Christ's sake, and we again prove false, then the Lord will no longer spare us but will cut us down, so that we do not occupy the ground in vain and moreover to the harm of others. And this interpretation seems to me closer to the subject at hand.
Lk. 13:10. He was teaching in one of the synagogues on the Sabbath.
Lk. 13:11. There was a woman there who had had a spirit of infirmity for eighteen years; she was bent over and could not straighten herself up.
This illness befell the aforementioned woman through the violence of the devil, as the Lord Himself says: "whom Satan has bound for eighteen years" (Luke 13:16). Perhaps Satan tormented her because she had been forsaken by God for some transgressions, for he, when permitted from above by God, inflicts all manner of afflictions upon the bodies of people (Job 2:6–7). He was also the cause from the beginning of our losing the incorruption in which we were created (Wisdom 2:23), and of our being united now with a body subject to pain and susceptible to illness. For this is what we understand by the garments of skin (Genesis 3:21).
Lk. 13:12. Jesus, seeing her, called her over and said to her: Woman! You are freed from your infirmity.
Lk. 13:13. And He laid His hands on her, and immediately she was made straight, and glorified God.