13. Ibid. 9.53.
14. 1 Kings 20.
15. Judges 7. 2.
16. Luke 14. 11.
17. Litorius had been put in command in Gaul by Aetius. Made overconfident by his success at Narbonne, he undertook in A.D. 439 to besiege Toulouse, then the Gothic capital, with the aid of Hunnish auxiliaries, but was defeated and captured.
18. See Proverbs 16. 9; 20. 24.
19. Psalms 107.40; 58. 7.
20. Idatius ( Chronicon A.D. 439) gives a different version: "He himself was wounded and captured, and after a few days was put to death." His notorious paganism and dependence on soothsayers made Litorius a particularly apt contrast to the piety of the barbarian king.
21. Theodoric I, king of the Visigoths.
22. In a.d. 432 when Boniface and Castinus were conducting the war in Spain against the Vandals with an army largely Gothic, the jealousy of the two leaders led to a disastrous defeat of the Romans in battle, when the Vandals had been almost at the point of surrender due to famine. The defeat ended the Roman rule in Spain.
23. Jeremiah 2. 37.
24. Jeremiah 9. 23-24.
25. Ibid. 8.8; 7.4-7.
26. II Samuel 3. 1.
27. Psalms 119. 137.
28. The Germany of this account was, of course, the Roman military district along the Rhine. The pauses in the course of the invasion are naturally explained by the custom of the Germanic tribes of ''following up with the plow their conquests by the sword.''
29. Psalms 14. 3 ; 53. 3.
30. Jeremiah 5. 3.
31. Orosius' account of the Vandal conquest of Spain furnishes a parallel for Salvian's estimate of the barbarians ( Historia adv. paganos VII. 40. 10) : "After grave destruction of property and men, of which they themselves now repent, they drew lots and distributed the land and still live in possession of it."
32. Isaiah 36. 10.
33. That is, Nebuchadnezzar.
34. Jeremiah 25. 8-9; 43. 11.
35. Ezekiel 24. 6.
36. Ibid. 22. 18-20.
37. Ibid. 28.12-13.