1 Give ear, O my people, to mine instruction, Bend your ear to the sayings of my mouth;
Jerome · AD 420 Divine Scripture commands that, when we have been invited to a rich man's banquet, we should with understanding put forth our hand to the dishes. And so for us too the banquet of Scriptures has been set out as a rich man's feast. We have come into a meadow; it has very many flowers: here the rose is red, there the lilies gleam white, there are flowers of every kind.
Augustine of Hippo · AD 430 "Hearken ye," He says, "My people, to My law" [Psalm 78:1]. Whom may we suppose to be here speaking, but God? For it was Himself that gave a law to His people, whom when delivered out of Egypt He gathered together, the which gathering together is properly named a Synagogue, which the word Asaph is interpreted to signify.
2 I will open, in a parable, my mouth, I will pour forth enigmas out of antiquity;—
Matthew · AD 60 All these things spake Jesus unto the multitude in parables; and without a parable spake he not unto them: That it might be fulfilled which was spoken by the prophet, saying, I will open my mouth in parables; I will utter things which have been kept secret from the foundation of the world. [Psalms 78:2]
Jerome · AD 420 "I will open my mouth in parables": to you I will open what is closed to the Jews; to you I will open my mouth in parables. "And without a parable," it says, "he did not speak to them"; but to his own disciples he unfolded the parables in private. "I will open my mouth in parables": what I speak to those others outwardly in parables, to you I will open up inwardly.
Augustine of Hippo · AD 430 "I will open," he says, "in parables My mouth, I will declare propositions from the beginning" [Psalm 78:2]. From what beginning he means, is very evident in the words following.
3 Which we have heard, and come to know, And, our fathers, have recounted to us;
Pachomius the Great · AD 348 Instructed by the holy Scriptures and especially by the gospel, Pachomius endured many temptations from the demons. The holy Scriptures did not mention in detail the saints' struggle, since they used concise language in showing us the way to eternal life.
Jerome · AD 420 "How great the things we have heard and known." These little verses, from "Attend, my people, to my law" up to this verse, "I will utter propositions from the beginning," are spoken from the person of Christ; the Savior himself speaks. Now the remaining verses, up to the end of the psalm, we must take as from the person of the apostles.
Augustine of Hippo · AD 430 "How great things we have heard, and have known them, and our fathers have told them to us." The Lord was speaking higher up. For of what other person could these words be thought to be, "Hearken ye, O My people, to My law"?
4 We will not withhold [them] from their children, To a later generation, recounting the praises of Yahweh, Even his might and his wonders which he wrought;
Augustine of Hippo · AD 430 "They have not been hidden from their sons in another generation." This is our generation wherein there hath been given to us regeneration.
5 When he set up a testimony in Jacob, And, a law, appointed in Israel,—Which he commanded our fathers, That they might make them known to their children;
Augustine of Hippo · AD 430 "How great things," he says, "He has commanded our fathers, to make the same known to their sons?" [Psalm 78:5]. These words do point out two peoples as it were, the one belonging to the Old Testament, the other to the New: for in that he says, he has implied that they received the commandments, "to make them known to their sons," but that they did not know or do them: but they…
6 To the end, A later generation, might come to know, Children who should be born, Who should arise, and recount [them] to their children;
Jerome · AD 420 "The sons who shall be born and shall rise up, and shall tell them to their sons." "In place of your fathers, sons have been born to you." We are their sons. They told us, and we have told our sons: we are their sons. "That they might place their hope in God." That they might now no longer believe in idols, but believe in God.
Augustine of Hippo · AD 430 "That another generation may know, sons who shall be born and shall rise up, and they may tell to their sons." These words do point out two peoples as it were, the one belonging to the Old Testament, the other to the New: for in that he saith, he hath implied that they received the commandments, "to make them known to their sons," but that they did not know or do them: but they…
7 That they might set, in Elohim, their confidence,—And not forget the doings of El, But, his commandments, might observe;
Clement of Alexandria · AD 215 His righteousness cried, "If ye come straight to me, I also will come straight to you but if ye walk crooked, I also will walk crooked saith the Lord of hosts;" meaning by the crooked ways the chastisements of sinners.
Augustine of Hippo · AD 430 "That they may put their hope in God, and may not forget the works of God, and may seek out His commandments" [Psalm 78:7].
8 And not become, like their fathers, a generation stubborn and rebellious,—A generation that fixed not their heart, Neither was their spirit, faithful with GOD.
Jerome · AD 420 "That they might not become like their fathers." That they might not murmur, as certain ones murmured in the desert and perished; that they might not murmur thus like the Jews, and perish in the desert. "A generation crooked and provoking." It is not I who say this: your own prophet says this about you.
Augustine of Hippo · AD 430 "That they may not become, like their fathers, a crooked and embittering generation: a generation that hath not guided their heart, and the spirit thereof hath not been trusted with God" (ver. 8).
9 The sons of Ephraim—armed bowmen, Turned in the day of battle;
Jerome · AD 420 "The sons of Ephraim, bending and shooting the bow." O how great the mysteries, O how many the flowers! I say not a day, but a whole month cannot suffice for the understanding of this psalm. In individual words there are meanings. We have also a treasure in these earthen vessels.
Augustine of Hippo · AD 430 Lastly, "The sons of Ephrem bending and shooting bows, have been turned back in the day of war" [Psalm 78:9]. Following after the law of righteousness, unto the law of righteousness they have not attained. [Romans 9:31] Why? Because they were not of faith.
10 They kept not the covenant of God, And, in his law, refused to walk;
Jerome · AD 420 "They did not keep the covenant of God, and in his law they were unwilling to walk, and they forgot his benefits." They rose up against him who regenerated them in baptism.
Augustine of Hippo · AD 430 But what that is which he saith, "they have been turned back in the day of war," the following words do teach, wherein he hath most clearly explained this: "they have not kept," he saith, "the testament of God, and in His law they would not walk." Behold what is, "they have been turned back in the day of war:" they have not kept the testament of God.
11 And forgat His doings, And his wonders which he had showed them:
Augustine of Hippo · AD 430 "And they forgat His benefits, and the wonderful works of Him which He showed to them; before their fathers the wonderful things which He did" [Psalm 78:11]. What this is, is not a question to be negligently passed over.
12 In presence of their fathers, wrought he, wondrously,—In the land of Egypt—the field of Zoan:
Jerome · AD 420 "Before their fathers the wonders which he did in the land of Egypt, in the field of Tanis: he split the sea and led them through; he set the waters as if in a wineskin, and led them down in a cloud by day." Let someone say: You do violence to Scripture: for it is said simply of the people of Israel, when they were led out of the land of Egypt, and therefore it is said accordin…
13 He clave the sea, and caused them to pass through, And reared up the waters like a mound;
Jerome · AD 420 "He split the sea and led them through." The Lord walked upon the sea, and calmed the waves of the sea, and led us through. "He split the sea and led them through." To this day, O faithful monk, when you are led out of Egypt, the sea is split, and thus you are led out. "He set the waters as if in a wineskin." In the Hebrew it does not have "wineskin," but "heap."
Augustine of Hippo · AD 430 For He that "did burst asunder the sea and made them go through, did confine the waters as it were in bottles" [Psalm 78:13], in order that the water might stand up first as if it were shut in, is able by His grace to restrain the flowing and ebbing tides of carnal desires, when we renounce this world, so that all sins having been thoroughly washed away, as if they were enemies…
14 And led them, by a cloud, in the daytime, And all the night, by a light of fire;
Jerome · AD 420 "And he led them down in a cloud by day." "Behold, the Lord comes into Egypt upon a light cloud." By the light cloud we ought to understand either, properly, the body of the Savior, because it was light and weighed down by no sin; or certainly by the light cloud we ought to understand holy Mary, weighed down by no human seed.
Augustine of Hippo · AD 430 He that "led them home in the cloud of the day, and in the whole of the night in the illumination of fire" [Psalm 78:14], is able also spiritually to direct goings if faith cries to Him, "Direct my goings after Your word." Of Whom in another place is said, "For Himself shall make your courses right, and shall prolong your goings in peace" through Jesus Christ our Lord, whose Sa…
15 He used to cleave rocks in the desert, And let them drink as out of mighty deeps;
Jerome · AD 420 "He split the rock in the desert." The rock has been split for us in the wilderness. The rock was struck, and the waters flowed: that rock which says, "Whoever thirsts, let him come and drink"; from whose belly rivers flowed. "And he gave them water to drink as if from a great abyss." In the desert, where there was no water, an abundance of waters was made for us.
Augustine of Hippo · AD 430 "He that burst asunder the rock in the desert, and gave them water as in a great deep" [Psalm 78:15]; "and brought out water from the rock, and brought down waters like rivers" [Psalm 78:16], is surely able upon thirsty faith to pour the gift of the Holy Spirit (the which gift the performance of that thing did spiritually signify), to pour, I say, from the Spiritual Rock that f…
16 And he brought forth streams out of the cliff, And caused waters to flow down, like rivers.
17 But again, once more sinned they against him, Resisting the Most High in a land of drought:
Augustine of Hippo · AD 430 And yet, "they," like a generation crooked and embittering, "added yet to sin against Him:" that is, not to believe. For this is the sin, whereof the Spirit doth convict the world, as the Lord saith, "Of sin indeed because they have not believed on Me." "And they exasperated the Most High in drought," which other copies have, "in a place without water," which is a more exact tr…
18 They put GOD to the proof in their heart, By asking food to their mind:
Augustine of Hippo · AD 430 "And they tempted God in their hearts, in order that they might seek morsels for their souls." It is one thing to ask in believing, another thing in tempting.
19 Yea they spake against Elohim,—They said, Can GOD prepare a table in the desert?
John Chrysostom · AD 407 And that which in the wilderness seemed to the Jews marvellous, (they said at least, "Can He give bread also? or prepare a table in the wilderness?") this He shows forth in His works. With this view also He leads them into the wilderness, that the miracle might be very far beyond suspicion, and that no one might think that any village lying near contributed ought to the meal.
20 Lo! he hath smitten a rock, And waters, have gushed out, Yea, torrents, have rushed along,—Food also, can he give? Or provide flesh for his people?
21 Therefore, Yahweh hearkened, and became wroth,—And, a fire, was kindled against Jacob, Moreover also, anger, mounted against Israel;
Augustine of Hippo · AD 430 "Wherefore the Lord heard, and He delayed, and fire was lighted in Jacob, and wrath went up into Israel." He hath explained what he hath called fire. He hath called anger fire: although in strict propriety fire did also burn up many men. What is therefore this that he saith, "The Lord heard, and He delayed"?
22 Because, They believed not in God, Nor trusted in his salvation;
Augustine of Hippo · AD 430 Lastly, when both these things have been briefly touched, afterwards he is evidently following out the order of the narrative.
23 Though he had commanded the skies above, And, the doors of the heavens, had opened;
24 And had rained on them manna to eat, And, the corn of the heavens, had given to them:
Augustine of Hippo · AD 430 Let us turn back to the one who performed these miracles. He is himself the bread that came down from heaven; but bread that nourishes and never diminishes; bread that can be eaten but cannot be eaten up. This bread was also signified by manna, of which it was said, "He gave them the bread of heaven; people ate the bread of angels. Who can the bread of heaven be, but Christ?
25 The food of the mighty, each one did eat, Nourishment, sent he them to the full;
26 He let loose an east wind in the heavens, Then guided he, in his might, a south wind;
27 And rained upon them flesh as the dust, And, like the sand of the seas, birds of wing;
28 And let them fall in the midst of their camp,—Round about their habitations.
29 So they did eat and were abundantly filled, When, what they longed for, he had brought them:—
30 They had not turned away from what they had longed for, Yet was their food in their mouth,
31 When, the anger of God, mounted against them, And he slew of their vigorous youths, And, the choice young men of Israel, caused he to bow down in death.
Augustine of Hippo · AD 430 But as to unbelievers, being a crooked and embittering generation, as it were, while the morsel was yet in their mouths, "the anger of God went up upon them, and it slew among the most of them": that is, the most of them, or as some copies have it, "the fat ones of them," which however in the Greek copies which we had, we did not find.
32 For all this, sinned they still, And believed not in his wonders;
Augustine of Hippo · AD 430 But the generation crooked and embittering, "in all these things sinned yet more, and they believed not in His wonderful works." "And in their days failed in vanity." Though they might, if they had believed have had days in truth without failing, with Him to whom hath been said, "Thy years shall not fail." Therefore, "their days failed in vanity, and their years with haste." Fo…
33 So he ended, in a breath, their days, And their years, in a sudden terror!
Augustine of Hippo · AD 430 "And in their days failed in vanity." Though they might, if they had believed, have had days in truth without failing, with Him to whom has been said, "Your years shall not fail." Therefore, "their days failed in vanity, and their years with haste." For the whole life of mortal men is hastening, and that which seems to be longer is but a vapour of somewhat longer duration.
34 If he slew [of] them, then they sought him, Yea they turned, and did earnestly seek GOD;
Augustine of Hippo · AD 430 Nevertheless, "when he slew them they sought Him:" not for the sake of eternal life, but fearing to end the vapour too soon. There sought Him then, not indeed those whom He had slain, but they that were afraid of being slain according to the example of them.
35 And remembered that, Elohim, was their rock, Yea, EL Most High, their Redeemer:
36 So they spake him fair with their mouth, And, with their tongue, did promise him falsely;
Clement of Rome · AD 99 Let us cleave, therefore, to those who cultivate peace with godliness, and not to those who hypocritically profess to desire it.
Augustine of Hippo · AD 430 Lastly, here let us see the words following: "And they loved Him," he says, "in their mouth, and in their tongue they lied unto Him" [Psalm 78:36]. "But their heart was not right with Him, and they were not counted faithful in His Testament" [Psalm 78:37].
37 But, their heart, was not fixed with him, Nor were they trusty in his covenant:
38 Yet, he, full of compassion, would put a propitiatory-covering over iniquity, and not destroy,—Yea, many a time, turned he back his anger, And would not stir up all his wrath.
Augustine of Hippo · AD 430 "But He is Himself merciful, and will become propitious to their sins, and He will not destroy them. And He will abound to turn away His anger, and He will not kindle all his anger." By these words many men promise to themselves impunity for their iniquity from the Divine Mercy, even if they shall have persevered in being such, as that generation is described, "crooked and embi…
39 So then he remembered, That, Flesh, they were, A Wind departing, that returneth not.
Augustine of Hippo · AD 430 "And He remembered that they are flesh, a spirit going and not returning" [Psalm 78:39]. Therefore calling them and pitying them through His grace, He called them back Himself, because of themselves they could not return.
40 How often they, Resisted him in the desert, Vexed him, in the waste:
Augustine of Hippo · AD 430 I say then of these crooked and embittering persons, "How often they exasperated Him in the desert, and provoked Him to wrath in the waterless place!" [Psalm 78:40]. "And they turned themselves and tempted God, and exasperated the Holy One of Israel" [Psalm 78:41]. He is repeating that same unbelief of theirs, of which He had made mention above.
41 Yea they again put GOD to the test, And, to the Holy One of Israel, caused they sorrow:
42 They remembered not his hand—The day, When he ransomed them from the adversary;
43 When he set, in Egypt, his signs, And his wonders, in the plain of Zoan;
44 When he turned, into blood, their Nile-streams, And, their own rivers, could they not drink;
45 He sent among them, The gad-fly, and it devoured them, And the frog, and it despoiled them;
Hippolytus of Rome · AD 235 "He destroyed their vine with hail, and their sycamines with frost." Now, just as, in consequence of an irregular mode of living, a deadly bilious humour may be formed in the inwards, which the physician by his art may bring on to be a sick-vomiting, without being himself chargeable with producing the sick humour in the man's body; for excess in diet was what produced it, while…
46 When he gave to the corn-locust their produce, And their toil, to the swarming locust;
47 He killed, with hail, their vine, And their sycomores, with frost:
48 When he gave up, to hail-storms, their beasts, And their cattle, to pestilent fevers;
Hippolytus of Rome · AD 235 "He gave up their cattle also to the hail, and their substance to the fire." Symmachus renders it: "Who gave up their cattle to the plague, and their possessions to birds." For, having met an overwhelming overthrow, they became a prey for carnivorous birds, But, according to the Seventy, the sense is not that the hail destroyed their cattle, and the fire the rest of their subst…
49 He sent among them the heat of his anger, Wrath and indignation and distress,—A mission of messengers of misfortune:
Hippolytus of Rome · AD 235 "He discharged upon them the wrath of His anger;-anger, and wrath, and tribulation, a visitation by evil angels." Under anger, wrath, and tribulation, he intended bitter punishments; for God is without passion. And by anger you will understand the lesser penalties, and by wrath the greater, and by tribulation the greatest.
50 He leveled a path for his anger, Withheld not, from death, their soul, But, their life—to the pestilence, he delivered:
Augustine of Hippo · AD 430 But as far as regards the present passage of this Psalm, if we dare not ascribe those things which were marvellously formed out of creatures, to evil angels; we have a thing which without doubt we can ascribe to them; the dyings of the beasts, the dyings of the first-born, and this especially whence all these things proceeded, namely, the hardening of heart, so that they would…
51 So he smote, Every first-born in Egypt, The beginning of their strength, in the tents of Ham;
52 And he set forth, like sheep, his people, And guided them, like a flock in the desert;
Basil of Caesarea · AD 379 The Spirit speaks with the authority of the Lord: "The Spirit said to [Peter], 'Rise and go down, and accompany them without hesitation; for I have sent them.' " Are these the words of an abject inferior? "Set apart for me Barnabas and Saul for the work to which I have called them." Does a slave give commands like this?
Augustine of Hippo · AD 430 The Psalm proceedeth then after the commemoration of the plagues of the Egyptians and saith, "And He took away like sheep His people, and He led them through like a flock in the desert." This cometh to pass to so much the greater good, as it is a more inward thing, wherein being delivered from the power of darkness, we are in mind translated into the Kingdom of God, and with re…
53 Yea he led them securely, and they dreaded not, And, their enemies, the sea did cover.
Augustine of Hippo · AD 430 "And He led them down in hope, and they feared not, and their enemies the sea covered" [Psalm 78:53]. But we are being led home in hope, "For by hope we are saved." [Romans 8:24] Nor ought we to fear. For, "If God be for us, who can be against us?" [Romans 8:31] And our enemies the sea has covered, He has effaced them in baptism by the remission of sins.
54 Then brought he them within his own holy bounds, The mountain-range, which his right hand made his own:
Augustine of Hippo · AD 430 In the next place there followeth, "And He led them into the mountain of His sanctification." How much better into Holy Church! "The mountain which His right hand hath gotten." How much higher is the Church which Christ hath gotten, concerning whom has been said, "And to whom has the arm of the Lord been revealed?"
55 So he drave out, before them, [whole] nations, And allotted them, by line, an inheritance, And caused to dwell, in their own homes, the tribes of Israel.
Augustine of Hippo · AD 430 "And He cast forth from the face of them the nations." And from the face of His faithful. For nations in a manner are the evil spirits of Gentile errors. "And by lot He divided unto them the land in the cord of distribution." And in us "all things one and the same Spirit doth work, dividing severally to every one as He willeth."
56 But they tested and resisted God Most High, And, his testimonies, did not observe;
Augustine of Hippo · AD 430 For that generation crooked and embittering, inasmuch as for these corporal blessings they put not off the coat of oldness, "Did tempt" yet, "and provoked the high God, and His testimonies they kept not: and they turned them away, and they kept not the covenant, like their fathers." For under a sort of covenant and decree they said, "All things which our Lord God hath spoken we…
57 But drew back and dealt treacherously, like their fathers, They turned aside, like deceitful bowmen;
58 And provoked him to anger with their high places, And, with their images, used to move him to jealousy.
59 God heard and was wroth, And greatly abhorred Israel;
Augustine of Hippo · AD 430 "God heard, and He despised:" that is, He gave heed and took vengeance. "And unto nothing He brought Israel exceedingly" [Psalm 78:60]. For when God despised, what were they who by God's help were what they were?
60 So he gave up the habitation of Shiloh, The tent he had set up among Men;
Augustine of Hippo · AD 430 "And He rejected the tabernacle of Selom, His tabernacle, where He dwelled among men" [Psalm 78:61]. He has elegantly explained why He rejected His tabernacle, when he says, "where He dwelled among men." When therefore they were not worthy for Him to dwell among, why should He not reject the tabernacle, which indeed not for Himself He had established, but for their sakes, whom…
61 Yea he gave up, into captivity, his strength, And his beauty into the hand of an adversary;
Augustine of Hippo · AD 430 "And He gave over unto captivity their strength, and their beauty unto the hands of the enemy." The very Ark whereby they thought themselves invincible, and whereon they plumed themselves, he calleth their "virtue" and "beauty." Lastly, also afterward, when they were living ill, and boasting of the temple of the Lord, He doth terrify them by a Prophet, saying, "See ye what I ha…
62 And delivered up, to the sword, his people, And, with his own inheritance, was he wroth;
Augustine of Hippo · AD 430 "And He ended with the sword His people, and His inheritance He despised" [Psalm 78:62].
63 His young men, were devoured by fire, And, his virgins, were not praised in song;
Augustine of Hippo · AD 430 "Their young men the fire devoured:" that is, wrath. "And their virgins mourned not" [Psalm 78:63]. For not even for this was there leisure, in fear of the foe.
64 His priests, by the sword, did fall, And, his widows, were not able to bewail.
Augustine of Hippo · AD 430 "Their priests fell by the sword, and their widows were not lamented" [Psalm 78:64]. For there fell by the sword the sons of Heli, of one of whom the wife being widowed, and presently dying in child-birth, [1 Samuel 4:19] because of the same confusion could not be mourned with the distinction of a funeral.
65 Then awoke, as one that had slept, Adonay, As a warrior exulting with wine!
Jerome · AD 420 [Daniel 9:14] "'And the Lord hath kept watch over the evil and hath brought it upon us...'" Whenever we are rebuked because of our sins, God is keeping watch over us and visiting us with chastenment. But whenever we are left alone by God and we do not suffer judgment but are unworthy of the Lord's rebuke, then He is said to slumber.
Augustine of Hippo · AD 430 "And the Lord was awakened as one sleeping" [Psalm 78:65]. For He seems to sleep, when He gives His people into the hands of those whom He hates, when there is said to them, "Where is your God?" "He was awakened, then, like one sleeping, like a mighty man drunken with wine." No one would dare to say this of God, save His Spirit.
Theodoret of Cyrus · AD 458 The blessed David fell into several errors, which God, who wisely orders all things, has caused to be recorded for the good of them that were to come after. But it was not on their account that Absalom, parricide, murderer, impious and altogether vile, started his wild war against his father.
66 So he smote his adversaries in the rear, Reproach age-abiding, laid he upon them.
Augustine of Hippo · AD 430 "And He smote His enemies in the hinder parts" [Psalm 78:66]: those, to wit, who were rejoicing that they were able to take His Ark: for they were smitten in their back-parts. [1 Samuel 5:6] Which seems to me to be a sign of that punishment, wherewith a man will be tortured, if he shall have looked back upon things behind; which, as says the Apostle, he ought to value as dung.
67 Howbeit he rejected the tent of Joseph, And, the tribe of Ephraim, did not choose:
68 But made choice of the tribe of Judah, The mountain of Zion, which he loved;
Augustine of Hippo · AD 430 "And He rejected," he saith, "the tabernacle of Joseph, and the tribe of Ephraim He chose not" (ver. 68). "And He chose the tribe of Judah" (ver. 69). He hath not said, He rejected the tabernacle of Reuben, who was the first-born son of Jacob; nor them that follow, and precede Judah in order of birth; so that they being rejected and not chosen, the tribe of Judah was chosen.
69 And built, like the heights, his sanctuary, Like the earth, he founded it to times age-abiding.
70 And made choice of David his servant, And took him from among the folds of the sheep:
Augustine of Hippo · AD 430 Lastly there follows, "and He built like as of unicorns His sanctification" [Psalm 78:70]: or, as some interpreters have made thereof a new word, "His sanctifying." The unicorns are rightly understood to be those, whose firm hope is uplifted unto that one thing, concerning which another Psalm says, "One thing I have sought of the Lord, this I will require." But the sanctifying…
Philoxenus of Mabbug · AD 523 David sheweth in a psalm that he was chosen from a station which taught simplicity, for he was chosen from following the sheep, even as he himself confesseth and calleth to mind his election in one of his psalms, saying, "He chose David His servant, and took him from following a flock of sheep, and from after the ewes that gave suck."
71 From after the sucking ewes, he brought him in,—To be shepherd to Jacob his people, And to Israel, his inheritance.
Augustine of Hippo · AD 430 "And He chose David His servant" [Psalm 78:71]. The tribe, I say, of Judah, for the sake of David: but David for the sake of Christ: the tribe then of Judah for the sake of Christ. At whose passing by blind men cried out, "Have pity on us, Son of David:" [Matthew 20:30] and immediately by His pity they received light, because true was the thing which they cried out.
72 So he did shepherd them, according to the singleness of his heart, And, with the discernment of his hands, used he to guide them.
Augustine of Hippo · AD 430 "And He took him from the flocks of sheep, from behind the teeming sheep He received him: to feed Jacob His servant, and Israel His inheritance" [Psalm 78:72].
Philoxenus of Mabbug · AD 523 And teaching that his kingdom also was governed by simplicity David saith, "He pastured them in the integrity of his heart," and it is manifest that integrity is simplicity.