1 Again, one preparing himself to sail, and about to pass through the raging waves, calls upon a piece of wood more rotten than the vessel that carries him.
Rabanus Maurus · AD 856 He likewise presents these things, just as the previous ones, as a reproach against idolaters, because it is the greatest folly that a man, created in the image of God, possessing a rational soul from Him, by which he was able to devise the art of how to have a way to travel on the waves, building a ship according to his skill in the craft, does not give honor to Him who gave h…
Bonaventure · AD 1257 Second, it treats of the detestation of idols in a fourfold manner. Again another thinking to sail etc. After he described the manifold errors of idol-worshippers, here he touches upon the detestation of idols, and first, from the uselessness of the idols themselves; second, from the offense to the Creator: But in like manner they are hateful; third, from the novelty and manner…
2 For truly desire of gain devised that, and the workman built it by his skill.
Bonaventure · AD 1257 For that, namely the wood of the idol, the desire of acquiring devised: whence in Ephesians five it is said "covetousness is the service of idols." And the craftsman fashioned it by his wisdom: his own, he says, as if to say: not divine, "but earthly, sensual, devilish," James three; Isaiah forty-five: "The makers of errors have gone into confusion"; and Job thirteen: "Showing…
3 But your providence, O Father, governs it: for you have made a way in the sea, and a safe path in the waves;
Bonaventure · AD 1257 But thy, O Father, as if to say: there they invoke the idol in the governance of their journey: but, meaning however; thy, O Father, by creation; Isaiah sixty-four: "And now, O Lord, thou art our father, and we indeed are clay" etc.; likewise by provision; whence Matthew six: "Our Father etc., our bread" etc.
4 Showing that you can save from all danger: yes, though a man went to sea without art.
Rabanus Maurus · AD 856 Therefore, according to the history, the power of the Lord was demonstrated when He made the people of Israel cross the Red Sea on dry foot; likewise, when they left the desert, He led them through the bed of the Jordan, with the waters divided on either side, so as to instill terror in the nations of the Canaanites to be exterminated.
Bonaventure · AD 1257 Showing, namely by this, that you are powerful from all things, namely perils and misfortunes, to heal, or better according to another reading, to save, even if without a raft, that is, a ship, someone should go to sea: Isaiah forty-three: "When you pass through the waters, I will be with you, and the rivers shall not cover you"; whence "He raised up Peter walking on the waves,…
5 Nevertheless you would not that the works of your wisdom should be idle, and therefore do men commit their lives to a small piece of wood, and passing the rough sea in a weak vessel are saved.
Rabanus Maurus · AD 856 The wondrous Creator gave knowledge to His creature, so that in the present age he might be able to attend to his own necessity, and serve the will of his Lord.
Bonaventure · AD 1257 But that they might not be empty, but rather necessary for human use, the works of your wisdom, that is, devised through your wisdom; in the Psalm: "You have made all things in wisdom." For this reason also to a small piece of wood, namely a small ship, men entrust their souls, that is, their bodily life: and crossing the sea, in which nevertheless there are innumerable perils,…
6 For in the old time also, when the proud giants perished, the hope of the world governed by your hand escaped in a weak vessel, and left to all ages a seed of generation.
Bonaventure · AD 1257 But also from the beginning. Here the usefulness of Noah's ark is first shown; second, it is praised, at: For blessed is the wood etc.; third, the idol and its maker are condemned: But by the hands etc.
7 For blessed is the wood whereby righteousness comes.
John Damascene · AD 749 If the bones of the righteous are impure, how is it that the bones of Jacob and Joseph were carried out of Egypt with every honor? Or how is it that a dead man was raised after coming in contact with the bones of Elisha? If God works miracles through bones, it is clear that he can also do so through images, stones and many other things.
Rabanus Maurus · AD 856 This comparison of the two trees is different, because one deserves blessing, while the other deserves a curse. For blessed is the wood of the cross, on which, through the blood of Christ, the world was restored, and the redemption of the human race was perfected.
Bonaventure · AD 1257 For blessed is the wood, namely of Noah's ark, through which justice is wrought, namely the deliverance of the just, while the wicked were drowned, which was just.
8 But that which is made with hands is cursed, as well it, as he that made it: he, because he made it; and it, because, being perishable, it was called god.
Origen of Alexandria · AD 253 By the disposition of the universe you find an angel appointed for the earth and another appointed for the waters, another appointed for the air and a fourth appointed for fire. Arise, then—I beg of you—with your reason, and consider the disposition of the animals, the plants and the stars of heaven.
Bonaventure · AD 1257 And rightly I said that blessed is the wood by which justice is done: now, standing for "but": the idol, which is made by hands, namely of craftsmen, is accursed, both it, namely the idol, and he who made it, namely the craftsman. But the idol, since it is an inanimate thing, how is it accursed?
9 For the ungodly and his ungodliness are both alike hateful to God.
Jerome · AD 420 But perhaps you say: If God is my lover, why then do the lashes of my lover so grievously sadden me with severe wounds, and disturb me by hurting me? If He who loves me torments me with the embraces of scourges, then false love now exercises the parts of hatred: now it would be better for Him to hate, so that He would not torment.
Rabanus Maurus · AD 856 Therefore, it is also said through Jeremiah: Every man has become foolish by his own knowledge, every maker of idols is confounded by his carved image, because his molten image is false, and there is no spirit in them; for their works are vain and worthy of ridicule; in the time of their visitation, they shall perish (Jer. 10:14-15).
Bonaventure · AD 1257 Secondly, he detests idols on account of the offense to the Creator. But likewise etc. Here he touches on the second cause of the detestation of idols, taken from the offense against the Creator: and first he touches on the sign of the offense, namely the idol, and the punishment of the idolater; second, the irremissibility of the punishment: For this reason etc.; third, the ca…
10 For that which is made shall be punished together with him that made it.
Bonaventure · AD 1257 For indeed that which was made, namely the idol, together with him who made it, that is, with the idolatrous craftsman, shall suffer torments. Concerning the idolater this is clear: but concerning the idol, how can it be true, namely that it suffers torment, since it is an inanimate thing?
11 Therefore even upon the idols of the Gentiles shall there be a visitation: because in the creature of God they have become an abomination, and stumbling blocks to the souls of men, and a snare to the feet of the unwise.
Augustine of Hippo · AD 430 In the book of Wisdom, it is written thus: Therefore there shall be a regard even for the idols of the nations. For God did not look for a long time on the idols that were worshipped for a long time, and on the sacrifices made to idols. He who always sees, at some point condescends to look. He saw with patience, he regarded with vengeance.
Rabanus Maurus · AD 856 For the idols of the nations are not gods, and their inhabitants are, evidently, evil spirits, deserving of pardon, since men who were created in the image and honor of God were being led away from their Creator, and by casting them into the snare of their own error, were being overthrown.
Bonaventure · AD 1257 For this reason, namely because they are hateful to God, and, that is also, upon the idols of the nations, that is, upon the demons presiding in the idols of the gentiles, of which it is said in the Psalm: "All the gods of the nations are demons" etc.; there shall be no regard, namely of clemency: which is against Origen, who said that Christ would suffer for the demons in the…
12 For the devising of idols was the beginning of spiritual sexual immorality, and the invention of them the corruption of life.
Epiphanius of Salamis · AD 403 Condemn idols, openly denouncing their error. Indeed, do not even consider them to be dead, because they were never alive. Teach clearly everywhere and to all that these are vain and foolish things. Not existing and never having existed, there is no possibility of their being what they are said to be.
Rabanus Maurus · AD 856 Although there are many kinds of fornication, the worst is that by which the soul fornicates, departing from God and worshipping idols. Similarly, that is also destructive which abandons the truth of divine doctrine and follows the falsehood of heretical opinion. For the Apostle Paul calls greed the service of idols (Eph.
Bonaventure · AD 1257 For the beginning etc. I said well that the creatures of God etc.: for the beginning of fornication, namely spiritual fornication, which consists in withdrawing from God, is etc.; whence the Gloss: "The worst kind of fornication is that by which the soul withdraws from God and fornicates with idols"; whence Jeremiah 3: "She committed adultery with wood and stone." Such are dest…
13 For neither were they from the beginning, neither shall they be for ever.
Bonaventure · AD 1257 Third, he detests idols on account of the novelty and manner of their invention. For they were not. Here the third reason for the detestation of those idols is touched upon, namely from the novelty and manner of their devising.
14 For by the conceit of men they entered into the world, and therefore shall they come shortly to an end.
Rabanus Maurus · AD 856 However, Firmianus Lactantius, in the first book he wrote on the false religion of the gods, presents similar things regarding this passage, saying: It is not obscure by what reasoning men began to be called gods, for it was because of the depravity of men who lived a rural life without any ruler.
Bonaventure · AD 1257 For the vanity, that is, the idleness, of men devised these things etc.: Sirach 33: "Idleness has taught much wickedness," namely to the idle, who were unwilling to labor to seek the one true God and to worship Him worthily; upon the earth, for in heaven no such error ever existed.
15 For a father afflicted with untimely mourning, when he has made an image of his child soon taken away, now honored him as a god, which was then a dead man, and delivered to those that were under him ceremonies and sacrifices.
Bonaventure · AD 1257 For a father, grieving with bitter mourning, namely over the death of his son, as David grieved over the death of Absalom, 2 Kings 18, or over the death of the child whom he first had from Bathsheba, 2 Kings 12, of a son swiftly snatched from him, that is, seized by the violence of death, made an image: The Gloss: "Men fashioned for themselves images of their deceased friends,…
16 Thus in process of time an ungodly custom grown strong was kept as a law, and carved images were worshipped by the commandments of kings.
Bonaventure · AD 1257 Then with the passage of time, that is, a delay of time, as the wicked custom grew strong, which ought rather to be uprooted than maintained, because length of time does not diminish sin, but rather increases it: this error, namely, of worshipping idols, as though it were a law, that is, under a precept, was observed: Jeremiah 10: "The laws of the peoples are vain"; likewise Is…
17 Whom men could not honor in presence, because they dwelt far off, they took the counterfeit of his visage from afar, and made an exact imprint of a king whom they honored, so that by this their forwardness they might flatter him that was absent, as if he were present.
Bonaventure · AD 1257 Those whom men could not honor openly, that is, in their presence, on this account, namely, because they were far away, from afar, namely, from a distant place, their likeness having been brought, namely, in a painting, a visible image, namely, a sculpted image, I say, of the king whom they wished to honor, they made, namely, bestowing divine honor upon men.
18 Also the singular diligence of the artificer did help to set out the ignorant to more superstition.
Bonaventure · AD 1257 Moreover, it advanced to the worship of these, namely, of idols, worship, and, that is, even, those who were ignorant, that is, the ignorant and unlearned, the extraordinary, that is, the greatest, diligence of the craftsman: of the craftsman, I say, diligently and elaborately fashioning the idol and adorning it, according to that passage in Jeremiah 10: "He adorned it with sil…
19 For he, perhaps willing to please one in authority, forced all his skill to make the resemblance of the best fashion.
Bonaventure · AD 1257 For he, the craftsman, wishing to please him who engaged him, that is, hired him, namely, to make an idol; this is a wicked pleasing, of which it is said in the Psalm: "God has scattered the bones of those who please men"; likewise Galatians 1: "If I were pleasing men, I would not be a servant of Christ." He labored with his art, so that the likeness, that is, the image, he mig…
20 And so the multitude, allured by the grace of the work, took him now for a god, which a little before was but honored.
Augustine of Hippo · AD 430 Human beings seek purification, but the devil, proud spirit, seeing that they sought this out of pride and boasted of it, anticipated them and presented himself as a mediator, capable of giving a semblance of purity to their souls.
Bonaventure · AD 1257 But the multitude of men, namely of the foolish; Ecclesiastes 1: "The number of fools is infinite"; led astray, namely from the truth, by the appearance of the work, that is, by its beauty; Proverbs, last chapter: "Grace is deceitful, and beauty is vain"; Daniel 13: "Beauty has deceived you"; him who before a time, supply: a short time, had been honored as a man, namely with th…
21 And this was an occasion to deceive the world: for men, serving either calamity or tyranny, did ascribe to stones and stocks the incommunicable name.
Bonaventure · AD 1257 And this was the deception of human life, that is, the cause of deception, a cause, I say, that is twofold, as it were a twofold gate of death, namely love and fear, according to the Gloss on that verse of the Psalm: "Set on fire and dug up," etc.
22 Moreover this was not enough for them, that they erred in the knowledge of God; but whereas they lived in the great war of ignorance, those so great plagues they called peace.
Rabanus Maurus · AD 856 For they exchanged the glory of the incorruptible God for the likeness of the image of corruptible man, and of birds and quadrupeds and serpents, and they exchanged the truth of God for a lie and served the creature rather than the Creator, who is blessed forever; although they called themselves wise, they became fools: for they were given over to a reprobate mind, so that they…
Bonaventure · AD 1257 Fourth, he detests idols on account of the twofold effect of human corruption. And it was not enough. Here is touched upon the last cause for the detestation of idols, taken from the effect of human corruption: and first is touched upon in idolaters the blinding of the mind; second, the corruption of works: For either sons; third, the reasonableness of the blinding and corrupti…
23 For while they slew their children in sacrifices, or used secret ceremonies, or made orgies of strange rites;
Bonaventure · AD 1257 For either etc. Here he enumerates the evils by which they were corrupted in deed: first, the evil specially committed against God; second, specially committed against themselves and against the neighbor: Neither life.
24 They kept neither lives nor marriages any longer undefiled: but either one slew another traiterously, or grieved him by adultery.
Bonaventure · AD 1257 Neither do they keep life, namely their own life, pure, because "God gave them up to uncleanness," Romans 1. Nor do they any longer keep their marriages pure, against which Hebrews 13: "Marriage is honorable, and the bed undefiled"; any longer do they keep etc.; because, as the Gloss says, "they thought to please their gods through lust and uncleanness," and the more wicked any…
25 So that there reigned in all men without exception blood, manslaughter, theft, and hypocrisy, corruption, unfaithfulness, tumults, perjury,
Bonaventure · AD 1257 And all things, namely vices, are mixed together: whence Hosea 4: "Cursing and lying and murder and theft and adultery have overflowed." Blood. Here he touches first upon certain spiritual sins; second, upon certain carnal sins: Of souls etc. In the first, first certain evils of deed; second, certain evils of the heart: Corruption; third, certain evils of speech: And perjury.
26 Disquieting of good men, forgetfulness of good turns, defiling of souls, changing of kind, disorder in marriages, adultery, and shameless uncleanness.
Bonaventure · AD 1257 And forgetfulness of the good things of God, that is, ingratitude, because they do not praise God for his benefits; whence Luke 17: "There was none found who returned to give glory to God" etc.; in the Psalm: "I am forgotten as one dead from the heart." These are the three evils of speech: the first against God and neighbor; the second against the neighbor; the third against Go…
27 For the worshipping of idols not to be named is the beginning, the cause, and the end, of all evil.
Rabanus Maurus · AD 856 There is no greater madness than to abandon the living God and serve dead idols, and therefore the cause and beginning of all evil is the worship of idols, because after the human mind turns away from its creator, it becomes entangled in the errors of all crimes. For the beginning of all sin is pride (Eccles. 10:13).
Bonaventure · AD 1257 Of unspeakable things etc. Here it is shown that idolatry is the cause of this corruption: and first he shows how idolatry is the cause of all evils in idolaters; second, on account of what, namely on account of the hope of impunity: For while they trust etc.; third, he shows that this very thing is for them the cause of punishment: Both etc.; fourth, he shows what that punishm…
28 For either they are mad when they be merry, or prophesy lies, or live unjustly, or else lightly forswear themselves.
Rabanus Maurus · AD 856 Their whole life is established in errors; if they rejoice, either at festivals or in their games, they act madly, while they either commit murders or defile themselves obscenely with lust; while they prophesy, they deceive and lead their listeners astray; while they live unjustly, they are dead in soul; if they swear falsely, they are quickly led to hell; when they swear by id…
Bonaventure · AD 1257 For either while they rejoice, they are mad: The Gloss: "In feasts and games," and this with respect to the evil in affection: they are mad, he says, because irrational joy is madness, like the laughter of the frenzied: Hosea 9: "Madness in the house of his God." Or indeed they prophesy falsehoods, namely by prophesying false things, and this with respect to the evil of thought…
29 For since their trust is in idols, which have no life; though they swear falsely, yet they look not to be hurt.
Bonaventure · AD 1257 For while they trust in idols, which are without soul, as regards life: swearing wickedly, namely on the part of the thing by which they swear, because by an idol, and on the part of the thing for which they swear, because it is false, against that saying of Jeremiah 4: "You shall swear: The Lord lives, in truth and in judgment and in justice." They do not expect to be harmed,…
30 However for both causes shall they be justly punished: both because they thought not well of God, giving heed to idols, and also unjustly swore in deceit, despising holiness.
Augustine of Hippo · AD 430 The following dissertation concerning the Trinity, as the reader ought to be informed, has been written in order to guard against the sophistries of those who disdain to begin with faith, and are deceived by a crude and perverse love of reason.
Rabanus Maurus · AD 856 By the just judgment of God, those who are condemned and repent too late recognize what, while living before, they refused to believe; therefore also the Psalmist bears witness, saying: The Lord will be known by executing judgments; the sinner is caught in the works of his own hands. The sinners shall be turned into Hades, all the nations that forget God (Ps. 9:16-18).
Bonaventure · AD 1257 Whence follows: Both things therefore will come upon them, namely the evil of guilt, because they are permitted to swear wickedly, and the evil of punishment, because they will be punished for this: they will come upon them, I say, deservedly, namely according to their merits: Apocalypse, last chapter: "He who is filthy, let him be filthy still." Because they thought wrongly of…
31 For it is not the power of them by whom they swear: but it is the just vengeance of sinners, that punishes always the offense of the ungodly.
Bonaventure · AD 1257 For not, as if to say: and truly they sin by swearing thus: for not of those who swear, namely in this way, is the virtue, that is, a virtuous or meritorious work; but the punishment of those who sin, that is, the sin itself, which is also the punishment of preceding sins and guilt in itself.