James 1 · The Lantern

A Greeting from James

James, a servant of God and of the Lord Jesus Christ, to the twelve tribes in the Dispersion: Greeting.

Caesar sent Albinus to Judea as procurator when he was informed of the death of Festus. But the younger Annas, who as I said had received the high priesthood, was headstrong in character and audacious in the extreme. He belonged to the sect of the Sadducees, who in judging offenders are cruel beyond any of the Jews, as I have already made clear.

James, a servant of God and of the Lord Jesus Christ, to the twelve tribes which are in the dispersion, greetings. Rejoice, my brothers, when you fall into various temptations, Indeed, the Son is of the Father, truly the Lord. Therefore, if the servant is equally of the Father and the Son, the Son is equal to the Father in honor, and in essence and in operation.

A servant of God, that is, of the Father, and of the Lord — Jesus; and if he is equally a servant of the Father and of the Son, then the Son is equal to the Father both in essence and in honor. The Apostles of the Lord place above every worldly dignity the fact that they are servants of Christ.

Rejoicing in Trials

Count it all joy, my brothers, when you fall into various trials,

If you count it all joy when you fall into various temptations, you give birth to joy, and you offer that joy in sacrifice to God.

[Syncletica] also said, 'When the devil does not use the goad of poverty to tempt us, he uses wealth for the same purpose. When he cannot win by scorn and mockery, he tries praise and flattery. If he cannot win by giving health, he tries illness. If he cannot win by comfort, he tries to ruin the soul by vexations that lead us to act against our monastic vows.

Hence, if charity is patient, long-suffering and good, then it "shall suck as milk the abundance of the sea." In this way did Lawrence rejoice over the glowing embers as if they had been flowers. These fruits are in the spirit, not in the flesh. Hence in James: "Esteem it all joy, my brethren, when you fall into various trials."

knowing that the testing of your faith produces endurance.

Temptations can be endured by spiritual knowledge and faith in the Trinity.

When our Lord and God taught his disciples that they must pray to be delivered from temptation, he meant the kind of temptation which we readily and willingly fall into and which does not contain any kind of trial. But James is talking about the kind of trials which are unwanted and teaches that those who struggle for the truth should not be discouraged by them.

Although trials, as we have said, are of two kinds, patience is useful in each kind. In trials from God it is useful in that through them we receive glorification, as Abraham and Job received it, and in trials from us — in that by bearing them with gratitude we make, as it were, recompense for our sins, for whoever acknowledges his sins has laid the beginning of his salvation a…

And let endurance have its perfect work, so that you may be perfect and complete, lacking in nothing.

And if any of you lacks wisdom, let him ask from the God who gives to all generously and does not find fault, and it will be given to him.

Why, then, does he not listen to the Spirit of his Father, speaking through Christ's apostle, or even Christ Himself, who says in His gospel, "Seek and ye shall find;" and who also says to us, speaking by His apostle: "If any one of you lack wisdom, let him ask of God, that giveth to all men liberally, and upbraideth not, and it shall be given to him.

If any of you lacks wisdom, let him ask of God, who gives to all abundantly and without reproach, and it will be given to him. All truly salvific wisdom must be asked of the Lord, because, as the wise man says: All wisdom is from the Lord God, and it was always with him (Ecclesiasticus I).

"If any of you is wanting in wisdom, let him ask it of God, who gives abundantly to all men, and does not reproach; and it will be given to him. But let him ask with faith, without hesitation." For one who hesitates is not disciplined. This, then is the door. Such a desire extinguishes all others, and makes man to be lifted up from the world.

But let him ask in faith, doubting nothing; for the one doubting is like a wave of the sea, blown by the wind and tossed.

The doubter is really full of pride. For if you have not believed that God will hear your request, you have not acted in such a way as to avoid being condemned already by the one who tests everything. The doubter has become double-minded even without wanting to be. It is therefore necessary to condemn a plague as dreadful as this.

For he who doubts is like a wave of the sea, driven and tossed by the wind. He who, with a conscience biting him for sin, doubts about receiving heavenly rewards, easily abandons the state of faith at the impulse of temptations, in which he seemed to serve God in peace, and at the whim of the invisible enemy, as if by a gust of wind, is carried away through various errors of vi…

For let not that man suppose that he will receive anything from the Lord —

a double-minded man, unstable in all his ways.

Put away doubting from you and do not hesitate to ask of the Lord, saying to yourself, "How can I ask of the Lord and receive from Him, seeing I have sinned so much against Him?" Do not thus reason with yourself, but with all your heart turn to the Lord and ask of Him without doubting, and you will know the multitude of His tender mercies; that He will never leave you, but fulf…

A man of double mind is unstable in all his ways. In all his ways, in adversity and prosperity, he says. A man, however, is double-minded, who both kneels to pray to the Lord and utters prayerful words, yet inwardly doubts, due to his accusing conscience, that he can obtain. A man is double-minded who wants to rejoice here with the world and reign there with God.

Of such a one it is said: 'A man double in mind is inconstant in all his ways.' A man ought to follow the counsels of Saints Benedict and the others. He ought not to bring in new counselors, but follow the counsel of Christ, whose life is the certain form of living. If a religious says: 'There is no salvation except with us,' he speaks badly.

But let the brother of low degree boast in his exaltation,

This verse applies to Hebrew slaves who were great and proud and high in their own eyes but in their slavery had become the lowest of the low. It is as if he were saying that life was harder for the rich people with whom they were living than it was for them as their servants. The boasting referred to here is not vain glory but joy in times of temptation.

Let the humble brother boast in his exaltation. Therefore, he says, you must consider it all joy when you fall into various trials, because everyone who humbly endures adversities for the Lord receives lofty rewards of the kingdom from Him.

Since the apostle recognizes humility as the guardian of everything good and nothing is accomplished without it among the diligent, he adds: "Let the lowly brother glory in his exaltation." He likens the doubter to a wave of the sea, which rises at the blowing of the wind and sinks down sooner than it is raised up.

and the rich in his humiliation, because like a flower of grass he will pass away.

Scripture says that "whoever exalts himself will be humbled." Wealth is a rich man's flower, but the elements of the universe are out to snatch it away from him. James says very little about the humble man, but it is enough, for he will receive his glory from God. But the rich are condemned at great length, so that no one will be tempted to follow their example.

But the rich, in that he is made humble: because as the flower of the grass he shall pass away. "But the rich, in that he is made humble." It would have been more fitting for James to say, "But let the rich man be ashamed in his humility," but avoiding saying it in an offensive manner, he added this instead: "and the beauty of its appearance." Appearance, that is, face or count…

For like the flower of the grass, he will pass away. The flower of the grass delights both the sense of smell and sight, but swiftly loses the grace of its charm and sweetness. Therefore, the present happiness of the wicked is most rightly compared to this, which can in no way be lasting.

For the sun rose with its burning heat and withered the grass, and its flower fell and the beauty of its appearance perished; so also the rich man will fade away in his pursuits.

For the sun is no sooner risen with a burning heat, but it withers the grass, and the flower thereof falls, and the beauty of its appearance perishes: so also shall the rich man fade away in his ways. "in his ways." James speaks of ways or paths of the rich, in prosperous success, or business, among which he unexpectedly receives a change to unhappiness and misfortune.

The apostle likens wealth to the flower of grass, wishing to show how quickly it passes away. He used the word "face" not in its proper meaning, for it is used only of a person, and is not used of other objects. By "pursuits" he means undertakings in the present life.

In the allegorical sense, the sun signifies Christ. It rises in the nativity, it goes down in death; it orbits through noon in the ascension; it is inclined to the north in the judgment. Concerning the judgment, James says: "For the sun rises with a burning heat and parches the grass, and its flower falls."

Happy is the man who endures trial, because having been approved he will receive the crown of life, which he has promised to those who love him.

James does all he can to encourage people to bear their trials with joy, as a burden which is bearable, and says that perfect patience consists in bearing things for their own sake, not for the hope of some better reward elsewhere. He nevertheless tries to persuade his hearers to rely on the promise that their present state will be put right.

Blessed is the man who endures temptation: for when he has been approved, he will receive the crown of life, which the Lord has promised to those who love him.

"A great sign appeared in heaven; a woman clothed with the sun, and the moon under her feet, and on her head a crown of twelve stars." We shall have this crown if we wish to imitate the glorious Virgin. Whence it is written: "Blessed is the man who endures temptation, for when he has been proved, he shall receive the crown of life."

Good and Perfect Gifts

Let no one being tempted say, “I am being tempted by God”; for God is not able to be tempted by evils, and he himself tempts no one.

But each one is tempted by his own desire, being drawn away and enticed;

then the desire, having conceived, gives birth to sin, and the sin, having become full grown, brings forth death.

If we sin when we are drunk with pleasure, we do not notice it. But when it gives birth and reaches its goal, then all the pleasure is extinguished and the bitter core of our mind comes to the surface. This stands in contrast to women in labor.

Then desire, when it has conceived, gives birth to sin. And sin, when it is fully grown, brings forth death. Temptation occurs in three ways: by suggestion, by delight, by consent. By the suggestion of the enemy, and by delight or also by the consent of our frailty.

Concupiscence, when it has conceived, brings forth sin; and sin, when it is consummated, begets death. If, however, suggestion and delight stop short of consent, it is a venial sin. But if consent and action follow in those things which are prohibited by divine law, the sin is a consummated mortal sin.

Do not be led astray, my beloved brothers.

Every good giving and every perfect gift is from above, coming down from the Father of lights, with whom there is no variation or shadow of shifting.

Having willed it, he brought us forth by the word of truth, for us to be a kind of firstfruits of his creatures.

Hearing and Doing

Know this, my beloved brothers: let every man be swift to hear, slow to speak, slow to anger;

Truth is more safely heard than preached. For when it is heard, lowliness is preserved, but when it is preached some bit of boastfulness may steal in almost unawares, and this brings corruption.

Therefore, my beloved brothers, let every man be quick to hear, slow to speak, slow to anger. For the anger of man does not produce the righteousness of God. What James says is not referred to mere hearing, but to vigorous action in work and to the one who, after hearing, proceeds to perform what he has heard.

One must be swift to hear, not mere hearing, but active hearing that stirs one to put what is heard into practice, for it is well known that whoever listens diligently and attentively will also be ready to fulfill what is heard, while whoever, on the contrary, is slow to apply himself to something and puts it off may afterward abandon the undertaking altogether.

for the anger of man does not work the righteousness of God.

For whereas the agitated mind works up to harshness the decision of its reasoning faculty, all that rage suggests, it accounts to be right.

For the anger of man does not produce the righteousness of God. The meaning is clear, because whoever rashly subjects himself to the sin of anger, even if he appears just to men, is not yet perfectly just in the divine judgment. But it can be understood more profoundly, because it is said of the Lord: "But you, Lord of hosts, judge with tranquility" (Wisdom XII).

Righteousness is a property of the soul that renders to each his due, and: "wrath destroys even the prudent" (Prov. 15:1). How then can it, darkening the mind in its passionate excess, constitute the virtue that judiciously renders to each his due?

Therefore, having put aside all filthiness and excess of wickedness, receive in gentleness the implanted word, which is able to save your souls.

For I myself, when I discovered the wicked disguise which the evil spirits had thrown around the divine doctrines of the Christians, to turn aside others from joining them, laughed both at those who framed these falsehoods, and at the disguise itself, and at popular opinion; and I confess that I both boast and with all my strength strive to be found a Christian; not because the…

This refers to the sin which corrupts a man, which dwells in us as the cause of evil. But outside us there is another kind of evil which creeps up on us unawares and is the work of demons who are opposed to us.

Having said "filthiness," the apostle adds: "overflow of wickedness," wishing to urge that even if anyone falls frequently into filthiness, he should quickly desist from it, lest by remaining in it he allow evil to intensify through habit, for what we do frequently and in abundance usually becomes, as it were, nature, acquiring the property of nature.

But be doers of the word and not hearers only, deceiving yourselves.

Because if anyone is a hearer of the word and not a doer, this one is like a man looking at the face of his birth in a mirror;

There are two kinds of mirrors—large and small. In a small mirror you see small things—this is the Old Testament, which leads no one to perfection. But in a big mirror you see great things—this is the New Testament, because in it the fullness of perfection is seen.

If someone is a hearer of the word only and does not confirm it by his deeds, he will lose the word as well, for it will slip through his fingers and disappear.

The second benefit of keeping the commandments of God is the understanding of the sacred Scriptures. Gregory says that "by hearing God's precepts the disciples were not illuminated, but by doing them they were illuminated"; because not the hearers of the law only, but the doers shall be justified.

for he looked at himself and has gone away, and immediately forgot what sort he was.

But the one having looked into the perfect law, that of freedom, and having continued in it — not having become a forgetful hearer but a doer of the work — this one will be happy in his doing.

The law of liberty is one of love, not fear. Paul too was no longer terrified by the law of God as a slave would be but was delighted with it, even though he saw another law in his members which was at war against the law of his mind.

Not being a forgetful hearer, but a doer of the work, this man shall be blessed in his deed. Not by the futile hearing of the word, but by the execution of the work is happiness prepared. Thus also the Lord speaking to the disciples: "If you know these things," He says, "blessed are you if you do them" (John XIII).

The apostle said "who looks into," and not "who enters into," for the spiritual law, possessing everywhere preeminence and grandeur, knows how to attract even with the briefest reading of it.

If anyone seems to be religious, not bridling his tongue but deceiving his heart, this one’s religion is worthless.

Anger causes tongues to become unbridled and speech unguarded. Physical violence, acts of contempt, reviling, accusations, blows and other bad effects too numerous to recount are born of anger and indignation.

But if anyone thinks that he is religious, not restraining his tongue, but deceiving his heart, this person's religion is worthless. He had previously advised not only to hear the word of God but also to do it.

In the third place, a saint's life must be religious, closed as a vineyard wall. And so, it is good that a man restrain his taste, his tongue and his other senses: for "if anyone thinks himself to be religious, not restraining his tongue but deceiving his own heart, that man's religion is vain." Our life must not be given to discourse, but to tears.

Religion pure and undefiled before the God and Father is this: to visit orphans and widows in their affliction, to keep oneself unstained from the world.

Instead of lands, therefore, buy afflicted souls, according as each one is able, and visit widows and orphans, and do not overlook them; and spend your wealth and all your preparations, which ye received from the Lord, upon such lands and houses. For to this end did the Master make you rich, that you might perform these services unto Him.

James calls God the Father because as far as he is concerned there is no other god who made the world (as the Marcionites and other heretics claim). What he says about widows has to be understood in the light of the fact that there were many who tried to rob them of their possessions, as it says in the Gospel.