HOMILY VII
Readers must exercise great discernment, so that when any single word is used in sacred Scripture, it is not believed to always signify one and the same thing—just as sometimes "sun" is taken in a good sense, and sometimes in a bad sense. For by the name of sun, sometimes our Redeemer Himself is signified, and sometimes persecution. For as the Book of Wisdom attests, the impious in hell will say: "We have erred from the way of truth, and the sun of justice has not shone upon us." And concerning the seeds that were cast, the Lord says: "When the sun rose, they withered"—because, that is, when persecution arose, the words of preaching dried up in the hearts of the reprobate. Likewise, "lion" signifies the Lord. Hence it is written: "The lion of the tribe of Judah has conquered." Yet by the name of lion, the likeness of the devil is also expressed, as is said by the first pastor: "Your adversary the devil, like a roaring lion, goes about seeking whom he may devour." Likewise, by the name of ox, a wise person is designated. Hence it is written: "You shall not yoke together an ox and a donkey"—that is, you shall not join a wise person with a fool in preaching. Yet by "ox" a fool is also figured, as is said of one who has been captured in shameful love: "Immediately he follows her, like an ox led to slaughter"—that is, like a fool being dragged to death. I have said these things, therefore, lest—because I have explained that a gate can signify the Lord, or preachers, or sacred Scripture, or faith—wherever "gate" is read henceforth in this prophet, it be believed that it cannot signify something else. For when the prophet was speaking of one gate, faith was rightly understood, because there is one faith of all the elect. But when other gates are named, the mouths of preachers can be understood, through which true life is known, and through which one ascends to the knowledge of spiritual sacraments. For regarding the gate by which we said faith is signified, we should note that it is called "lower." For while we are in this life, we are held as if placed in the depths, still kept below. And rightly is the lower gate faith, because it opens to us, placed on earth, the knowledge of God. And so now it is said: "He also measured the gate which looked toward the way of the North in the outer court, both in its length and in its breadth. And its chambers were three on this side and three on that side; and its fronts and its vestibule according to the measure of the first gate: fifty cubits its length, and its breadth twenty-five cubits. And its windows and vestibule and carvings were according to the measure of the gate which looked toward the East; and its ascent was of seven steps, and the vestibule before it."
Of the gate which looked toward the way of the North of the outer court, those same things are repeated which were already said above concerning the other gate, and other things are added which the prophet had passed over in silence concerning the aforesaid gate. Therefore, in order that we may discuss more fully those things which have not yet been examined, we ought to repeat briefly what has already been said. For the gate looks toward the way of the North when any preacher recognizes the life of a sinner and opens to him the interior things of life through the word of preaching. This gate is called the gate of the outer court. For the outer court is the present life, in which everything that is done bodily is also seen bodily. This gate is measured both in length and in breadth, because when a sinner is led to the faith, it is necessary that his teacher consider how much he advances in the length of hope or how much in the breadth of charity from his admonition. For he who is converted to God, if he still hopes for the good things of the present life, does not have length, because the life in which he has placed his hope is short. If he is confined by the desire for earthly things and still by hatred of his neighbor, he does not have breadth, because he does not know how to despise passing things or to expand himself in love of neighbor. But when anyone who has been converted hopes with longsuffering for the joys of eternal life, bears the troubles of his neighbors with charity, and despises coveting what he does not have—the gate has length and breadth, because the glory of the preacher is the progress of the hearer. Whence it is said to certain ones through the great preacher: My joy and my crown. And again: Behold, now I live, if you stand in the Lord. And again: What is our hope or joy? Is it not you before the Lord? Therefore the length and breadth of the gate is that which looks toward the North, because when a preacher has converted to the faith any unbeliever who was torpid in the coldness of his sin, through the fact that he stretches him out in the length of hope and expands him in the amplitude of charity, he makes his glory his own. And because in the knowledge of the Holy Trinity hearers advance from the word of preaching in love of the same Trinity, this same gate has three chambers on one side and three on the other, because everything that the Creator speaks concerning the Trinity through the New Testament, He also shows from the Old Testament. And the heart of hearers advances in love of the heavenly fatherland, so that the soul clinging to God may sit as a bride with the bridegroom in a certain chamber already, and turn itself completely away from earthly desires.
Vel certe, ut longe superius dictum est, quia tres sunt ordines bene viventium, bonorum scilicet coniugatorum, continentium, atque praedicatorum, et quia alii etiam in coniugiis positi amore coelestis patriae anhelant, alii autem spe aeterni gaudii etiam carnem macerant, omnesque actus terrenos refugiunt, et in cura huius saeculi implicari contemnunt, alii vero et terrena bona despiciunt, et coelestia gaudia praedicant, quae cognoverunt, quid isti nisi in spiritali aedificio thalami sunt in quorum cogitatione et meditatione anima coelesti sponso sociatur? Or certainly, as was said far above, because there are three orders of those living well, namely of the good married, the continent, and the preachers, and because some even placed in marriages long for the heavenly fatherland with love, while others through hope of eternal joy even mortify the flesh, and flee all earthly activities, and scorn to be entangled in the care of this world, while others both despise earthly goods and preach the heavenly joys which they have come to know, what are these if not chambers in the spiritual building, in whose thought and meditation the soul is joined to the heavenly spouse? Quos tres bonorum ordines, quia non solum Ecclesia ex gentibus habet, sed aliquando etiam Synagoga habuit, dum magna multitudo spiritalium Redemptoris gratiam ardenter exspectavit, porta aedificii coelestis tres hinc, et tres inde thalamos habet, quia praedicator quisque, cum ad supernam patriam auditorem provocat, et novos patres et veteres anhelasse coelesti desiderio demonstrat. Because the Church from the Gentiles not only has these three orders of the good, but also the Synagogue once had them, while a great multitude of spiritual persons ardently awaited the grace of the Redeemer, the gate of the heavenly building has three chambers on this side and three on that side, because every preacher, when he summons his hearer to the heavenly fatherland, demonstrates that both new and old fathers longed with heavenly desire. Plus enim plerumque exempla quam ratiocinationis verba compungunt; et cum praedicator dicit quales alii in coniugio, vel in continentia, vel in praedicatione erga omnipotentis Dei amorem in novo testamento fuerint, vel alii quales in veteri, porta quae loquitur ternos ex utroque latere habere se thalamos ostendit. For examples often pierce more than words of reasoning; and when the preacher says what kind of persons others were in marriage, or in continence, or in preaching regarding love of almighty God in the New Testament, or what kind others were in the Old, the gate which speaks shows that it has three chambers on each side. Quae porta habet et frontem, quia sunt in praedicatoris vita aperta opera quae videntur. This gate also has a front, because there are in the preacher's life open works which are seen. Habet et ante frontem vestibulum, quia priusquam bona opera insinuet, praedicat fidem, per quam anima humiliter veniens ad bonorum actuum altitudinem sublevetur. It also has a vestibule before the front, because before he introduces good works, he preaches faith, through which the soul coming humbly may be lifted up to the height of good actions. Quae cuncta secundum mensuram portae prioris sunt, iuxta hoc quod subditur: Quia mensus est quinquaginta cubitorum longitudinem eius, et latitudinem viginti quinque cubitorum. All of which are according to the measure of the former gate, according to what is added: "That he measured its length at fifty cubits, and its width at twenty-five cubits."
You remember that I have said these things more extensively above. For we said that rest is signified by the number fifty, because the fiftieth year was given to the ancient people for rest, since it was called the jubilee; and the number seven, through which this entire time unfolds, multiplied seven times leads to forty-nine. To this a unit is added, because eternal rest is perfected in the contemplation of the One. Therefore the same number fifty is for us in length, because one cannot arrive at that rest unless one can now patiently extend one's hope toward it. For since we are called to eternal rest through the number fifty, this also instructs us completely: that in the tabernacle ten curtains were commanded to be made, which would have fifty loops each, and fifty golden rings on the side and at the top. For the curtains of the tabernacle are all the saints who advance in the adornment of Holy Church from the diverse colors of virtues. They both veil the interior things and adorn the exterior things in every way, because their life, insofar as it is seen, is an ornament; and their understanding is hidden within, while the heavenly things which they keep in mind and cannot express are in some way veiled in them. Rightly there are ten curtains, because through the keeping of the Decalogue the very hearts of the saints have progressed. The hyacinth-colored loops of the curtains were commanded to be made fifty in number. Hyacinth has the appearance of the sky. Therefore the loops of the curtains are the heavenly precepts, by which souls are bound, so that lifted up from lower things they may hang above. These loops indeed have golden rings, namely understanding shining with true wisdom. This understanding, because it ought to be circumspect in all things and fortified by the vigilance of cautious solicitude, is rightly designated by rings.
And it should be noted that loops or rings are commanded to be made on the side and at the top of the curtains, because heavenly precepts and spiritual understanding ought not only to suspend us upward in the love of God, but also to unite us with our neighbor in charity. For in that we love our Creator, we hang in the air, as it were, by the upper loops. But in that we love our neighbors as ourselves, we have loops and rings on the side, so that the curtains of the tabernacle, that is, the souls of the faithful, may be joined together through charity and not divided through discord. Hence here also, after the length of fifty cubits, the width of twenty-five cubits is immediately added, which width indeed pertains to love of neighbor. For it expands itself into love of the brethren and exercises toward them every good work that it can. Moreover, all the good works that are done bodily are performed through the five senses of the body, namely through sight, hearing, touch, taste, and smell. The number five multiplied by itself arrives at twenty-five, because good works, when they have begun to be done, stir up the mind through fervor to increase, and are multiplied through themselves. Hence they also create breadth for the mind, so that it may not be narrow through lukewarmness, but expanded in good actions through charity. For all sluggishness of lukewarmness is narrowness, but all kindness of charity is great breadth. For even if resources are lacking that might perhaps be offered to a needy neighbor, the substance of good will is ample, which suffices for the reward of the kingdom, as it is written: On earth peace to men of good will. There follows: And its windows, and its vestibule, and its carvings were according to the measure of the gate that looked toward the East.
All these things have already been discussed more extensively above, and therefore the discourse should not be delayed with a lengthy exposition. However, this must be especially noted: that the gate toward the North is said to have all the same things that the gate toward the East has, namely the windows of contemplation, the vestibule of humility, and the carving of good works. For all who have persevered in innocence because they were born to God in their conversion have the gate toward the East, because the entrance to the heavenly kingdom lies open to them from the light they received. And all who, having later fallen into sins, were weighed down by the coldness of their torpor, but who, when they return through penance, grow warm again toward love of the heavenly homeland, have the gate toward the North, because for them also, after the coldness of their sin, the entrance to the heavenly kingdom lies open through mercy. Therefore the gate toward the North is said to have the same things that the gate toward the East has, because converted sinners are enriched with virtues just as those are rich who avoided falling into sin. Hence also by the voice of the Psalmist it is said through the Lord: "I ate ashes like bread," because He receives the penitent just as He does the righteous. For it is written concerning sinners: "They would have done penance long ago in sackcloth and ashes." Therefore ashes are eaten like bread when a sinner is recalled through penance to the grace of his Creator just like an innocent person. Therefore the gate toward the North has windows, has a vestibule, has carvings, because when a sinner is led back to life after his faults, he often receives the light of contemplation, and from the very memory of his iniquity he gains the grace of great humility and also the efficacy of good works, so that everything that is commanded to be done appears as if carved in his life. Its ascent was of seven steps, and a vestibule was before it.
The gate is ascended by seven steps, because through the sevenfold grace of the Holy Spirit the entrance to heavenly life is opened to us. Isaiah, enumerating this sevenfold grace in our very Head, or in His body, which we are, says: "The spirit of wisdom and understanding shall rest upon Him, the spirit of counsel and fortitude, the spirit of knowledge and piety, and the spirit of the fear of the Lord shall fill Him." Speaking of heavenly things, he numbered these steps by descending rather than ascending, namely: wisdom, understanding, counsel, fortitude, knowledge, piety, fear. And since it is written, "The fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdom," it is without doubt established that one ascends from fear to wisdom, but does not return from wisdom to fear, because indeed wisdom possesses perfect charity. And it is written: "Perfect charity casts out fear." Therefore the prophet, because he was speaking from heavenly things down to the lowest, began rather from wisdom and descended to fear. But we who strive from earthly things toward heavenly things, let us enumerate those same steps by ascending, that we may be able to arrive from fear to wisdom. For in our mind the first step of ascent is the fear of the Lord; the second, piety; the third, knowledge; the fourth, fortitude; the fifth, counsel; the sixth, understanding; the seventh, wisdom. For the fear of the Lord exists in the mind. But what kind of fear is this, if piety is not with it? For he who knows not how to show mercy to his neighbor, who pretends not to share in his tribulations, his fear is nothing before the eyes of almighty God, because it is not raised up to piety. But often piety is accustomed to err through disordered mercy, if perchance it spares what ought not to be spared. For sins that can be struck by the fires of hell must be corrected by the rod of discipline. But disordered piety, when it spares temporally, drags one down to eternal punishment. Therefore, that piety may be true and ordered, it must be raised to another step, that is, to knowledge, so that it may know what to punish by judgment and what to forgive by mercy. But what if someone knows what he ought to do, yet lacks the strength to do it? Therefore let our knowledge grow to fortitude, so that when it sees what must be done, it can do this through strength of mind, lest it tremble with fear and, collapsed by dread, be unable to defend the good things it perceives. But often fortitude, if it is improvident and less circumspect against vices, falls into ruin by its very presumption. Therefore let it ascend to counsel, so that by foreseeing it may fortify everything it can do boldly. But there cannot be counsel if understanding is lacking, because he who does not understand the evil that burdens the doer, how can he strengthen the good that helps? And so let us ascend from counsel to understanding. But what if understanding watches with great sharpness, yet knows not how to moderate itself through maturity? Therefore let one ascend from understanding to wisdom, so that what understanding discovers keenly, wisdom may arrange with maturity. Because therefore through fear we rise to piety, through piety we are led to knowledge, through knowledge we are strengthened to fortitude, through fortitude we strive toward counsel, through counsel we advance into understanding, through understanding we arrive at the maturity of wisdom, we ascend to the gate by seven steps, through which the entrance to spiritual life is opened to us.
But it is well said that the vestibule was before it, because unless one first has humility, he does not ascend to these steps of spiritual gifts, as it is written: Upon whom shall my spirit rest, if not upon the humble and quiet one, and the one trembling at my words. Concerning which it is said through the Psalmist: He disposed ascents in his heart in the valley of tears. For a valley is a low place, and every sinner, while he humbly afflicts himself in tears in his heart, advances through the ascent of virtues. Who again says: He sends forth springs in the valleys, because almighty God bestows the gifts of spiritual grace upon the humble.
The vestibule can also be understood as faith. For faith itself comes before the steps and the gate, because we first come to faith so that afterward we may enter the access to heavenly life through the steps of spiritual gifts. For one does not come to faith through virtues, but through faith one attains to virtues. For Cornelius the centurion, whose alms before baptism were praised by the testimony of an angel, did not come to faith through works, but came to works through faith. For to him also it is said through the angel: "Your prayers and alms have ascended in the sight of God." For if he had not believed in the true God even before baptism, whom was he praying to? Or how had almighty God heard him, if he was not asking to be perfected in good things by Him? Therefore he knew God the Creator of all things, but he did not know that His almighty Son had become incarnate. For he could not have done good things unless he had first believed. For it is written: "Without faith it is impossible to please God." Therefore he had faith, whose prayers and alms were able to please God. But through good action he merited to know God perfectly and to believe the mystery of His incarnation, so that he might arrive at the sacraments of baptism. Therefore through faith he came to works, but through works he was strengthened in faith. And so the vestibule is before the steps, because he who first believed, he himself afterward ascends by the steps of the virtues to the access of the gate. There follows: "And the gate of the inner court opposite the gate to the North and to the East."
In this place "contra" [against/opposite] is placed not for opposition, but for straightness; for the gate of the inner court was shown to be positioned such that the gate of the North and of the East extended to it by a straight approach. What therefore does it mean that the inner gate is shown positioned in a straight path opposite the gate of the East and of the North, except that it is openly given to understand that whether to the Jewish or Gentile people, or to the righteous and to sinners, but those converted after sins, the entrance to the heavenly kingdom is equally opened? For the mercy of our Creator is abundant. And the inner gate looks not only upon the gate of the East, but also of the North, because the joys of the inner court are opened not only to those who remain in innocence, but also to sinners condemning their sins through penance, so that they may recognize the ineffable mysteries of the heavenly homeland, thirsting by recognizing, running by thirsting, arriving by running. He who said knew these secrets of inner joy: "My soul has thirsted for the living God, when shall I come and appear before the face of God?" The preacher of the Gentiles was yearning for this entrance to the heavenly kingdom when he said: "I desire to be dissolved and to be with Christ." The bride who said knew these secrets of hidden exultation: "My beloved put his hand through the opening, and my belly trembled at his touch." For the beloved puts his hand through the opening when our Lord strikes our soul by his power through subtle understanding. And the belly trembles at his touch, because our weakness, through being touched by the understanding of heavenly joy, is disturbed by its very exultation, and there arises fear with gladness in the mind, because it now senses what it loves concerning heavenly joy, and yet fears lest it not receive what it barely and faintly senses. What therefore remains except that all who recognize those joys of the heavenly homeland should direct themselves to the course of the life of perfection? Whence here also is fittingly added: "And he measured from gate to gate one hundred cubits."
The number one hundred, because it is produced by ten times ten, we have already said above is perfect. Therefore, he who sees the entrance of the inner court must necessarily run through the life of perfection, and arrive from the gate of beginning to the entrance of consummation. Let the inner court therefore be measured, which extends from the outer gates to the inner gate, at one hundred cubits, so that he who has begun to enter by loving may have the breadth of perfection in mind, so that in him whom he loves neither adversities may constrain him nor prosperities exalt him, but, despising all transitory things, until he arrives at the secret joys, he may run through the court of perfection. For there are many who have already entered the entrance of the outer gate by seven steps, according to a certain manner of heavenly dispensation: humble through the fear of God, merciful through the pursuit of piety, discerning through knowledge, free through strength of mind, cautious through counsel, prudent through understanding, mature through wisdom; but, still bound by certain necessities, they serve the cares of this world, and where they have already for the most part shaken off their mind, there they are still held unwillingly. And while they bear the burdens of earthly occupation imposed upon them, they are less exercised in the heavenly precepts. There is no leisure to yearn from the depths of their heart for the eternal homeland; their very desires in some way grow weak in them, because indeed, hindered by temporal cares, it is not permitted to love the true joys that they have come to know as much as they would wish. These often shake off the yoke of the world from the neck of their mind, abandon all things, lay down the burdens of earthly care, and in order to open more widely the bosom of their soul to heavenly desire, they seek a secluded life, and intent on holy prayers, devoted to sacred meditations, they afflict themselves with daily weeping, and melt the oldness of their heart in the fire of love, and renew themselves by kindling themselves toward heavenly joy. These often, enkindled in their very desire, now long to depart from the flesh, and do not wish to return to the present life after weeping. But nevertheless they are delayed, so that their deferred love may profit from its very deferral, and may grow with ardent desire as if for what is denied. Thus in the region of the Gerasenes, he who had been freed from the legion of demons already wished to go with the Lord, but nevertheless it is said to him: "Return to your house, and tell how great things the Lord has done for you." Thus the bride in the Song of Songs, anxious with holy desires, speaks, saying: "In my little bed through the nights I sought him whom my soul loves. I sought him, and did not find him." For she seeks the beloved in her little bed, when in that very rest and leisure which she desires, the soul now longs to see the Lord, now desires to go out to him, now yearns to be free of the darkness of the present life. But she seeks him and does not find him, because although she desires with great love, it is still not granted to her to see him whom she loves.
Such minds of the saints, therefore, what else do they do in this desire except run from the outer gates through the inner court to the gate? It often happens to them that when they have seen themselves pierced with the great gift of heavenly grace, they now consider themselves perfect and think themselves obedient; but because there is no one who commands hard things, they believe themselves to be patient, but because no one strikes them through insults and adversities. And it frequently happens that they undertake spiritual ministry even unwillingly, and are led to the governance of the faithful. When they have been struck on all sides by great tribulations, troubled in mind, they find themselves imperfect, who when not struck believed themselves to be perfect. From this matter it comes about that they gather themselves to themselves, and silently blush at the reproach of their own weakness before themselves, and, strengthened from their very confusion, they set patience against adversities, and profit from tribulation, who previously in leisure grew sluggish from their very security. And they truly begin to be such as they previously thought themselves to be in vain. Therefore when these are carried from the outer gates all the way to the inner gate through the court of good zeal, this same court is measured in them at a hundred cubits, because by holy delay and exercise they daily advance toward perfection. For to advance daily in the mind through desires is, as it were, to measure the inner court at a hundred cubits. Therefore from the gates to the gate there are a hundred cubits, so that the very delay of living may be, as it were, a certain pause of going, through which one daily grows in virtues, so that one may arrive more perfectly at the inner entrance. There follows: And he led me out to the way of the South, and behold a gate which looked toward the South; and he measured its front and its vestibule according to the measures above; and its windows, and the vestibules round about, like the other windows, fifty cubits in length and twenty-five cubits in width. And by seven steps one ascended to it, and a vestibule before its doors.
All these things have already been said regarding the gate of the East and the North, and it is not fitting that we should repeatedly go over what we have already explained once and twice. Nevertheless, we must note that in the spiritual building one entrance opens to the East, another to the North, and another to the South. For just as sinners are designated by the cold of the North, so those who are fervent in spirit are designated by the Southern way, who, kindled by the heat of the Holy Spirit, grow in virtues as if in the noonday light. Let the gate to the East therefore stand open, so that those who have well begun the sacraments of faith, and have not afterward been submerged in any depth of vices, may arrive at the secret joys. Let the gate to the North stand open, so that those who after the beginning of warmth and light have fallen away into the cold and darkness of their sins may return to pardon through the compunction of repentance, and may know what is the true gladness of internal reward. Let the gate to the South stand open, so that those who are fervent in virtues through holy desires may daily penetrate the mysteries of internal joy through spiritual understanding. Among these matters, however, it can be asked, since there are four parts of this world, why in this building of the outer court are not four but three gates mentioned? This would rightly have needed to be asked if the Prophet had seen a corporeal rather than a spiritual building. For the holy Church, that is, the spiritual building, has only three gates to reach the secret joys, namely faith, hope, and charity: one to the East, another to the North, a third to the South. For the gate to the East is faith, because through it the true light is born in the mind. The gate to the North is hope, because anyone placed in sins, if he has despaired of pardon, utterly loses mercy. Whence it is necessary that he who has been extinguished through his own iniquity may revive through hope of mercy. The gate to the South is charity, because it burns with the fire of love. For in the southern region the sun is raised on high, because through charity the light of faith is elevated in the love of God and neighbor. Therefore through three gates one proceeds to the inner court, because through faith, hope, and charity one arrives at the secret joys. Another question also arises, why the gate of the inner court is said to be placed opposite the gate of the East and the North, while the fact that it opens toward the Southern gate is left unspoken. But because we have said that beginners are designated by the East and the fallen by the North, it was fitting that it be openly stated regarding either the beginners, for whom the sun is still in lukewarmness, or even regarding the fallen but returning through conversion, that the gate of the inner court lies open for them, so that he might make us certain about those concerning whom there could have been doubt. But this did not need to be said about the Southern gate, because no one is unaware that those who remain in virtues through fervor of spirit attain to the internal joys. For Aaron, at the people's demand, had made an idol, and rightly there could be doubt about his life. Therefore Moses is not called holy, because he is known by all to be holy; and he calls Aaron the holy one of the Lord, so that he might remove from us doubt about his life. There follows: And palms were carved, one on this side, and another on that side on its front.
What is the meaning of this, that earlier a painting of palms was on the fronts, but now carved palms are mentioned as being on the front? In the carving of stones, indeed, the works appear to be external. But, as we have already said above, the painting of palms is a display of signs. Now, however, carving of palms is spoken of, so that a demonstration of good works may be designated. For to those highest preachers themselves it is said: Let them see your good works, and glorify your Father who is in heaven. Therefore those who demonstrate that holy works have been impressed upon their life have carved palms on the front, because they already now show in their holy works how great a victory follows them in the future. Or certainly because we have said that faith is designated through the Eastern gate, hope through the Northern gate, but charity through the Southern gate, we must note that in the Eastern gate a painting of palms is reported, but in the Northern and Southern gates, carving is said to be, because it often happens that those who are still beginners do not yet exercise themselves in solid and great works; but those who return from iniquities to virtues are frequently exercised in great works, so that they may be able to cover their faults before the eyes of almighty God. And those who have already grown in virtues by the fervor of the spirit burn as it were like the South in holy actions. In the Eastern gate, therefore, there is painting, but in the Northern and Southern gates there is carving, because the sign of victory which is shown in beginners is already held more solidly and more firmly in those who are returning and in those who are fervent.
It must also be noted with great importance what is said: "on this side and that." For all of us who strive toward the entrance of life must have the palm both on the right and on the left side. For what is said "on this side and that" signifies each side. Therefore, he has the palm on the right whom prosperity does not exalt; he has the palm on the left whom adversity does not cast down. Paul carried the palm as if from each side when he said: "Through the weapons of righteousness on the right and on the left, through glory and dishonor, through ill repute and good repute, as deceivers yet true." Adversity did not break him, prosperity did not lift him up into swelling of mind. Therefore he bore the palm on this side and that, because he remained both strong in adversity and humble in prosperity. For whoever is exalted by prosperity does not know how to have the palm on the right side. Whoever is broken in adversities does not know how to carry the palm on the left side. Therefore, in order that the palm may be borne on the forehead on this side and that, there must always be present in our minds both confidence in adversity and fear in prosperity, lest either adversity drag us into despair or prosperity lift up the soul into self-confidence. Hence it is that the same outstanding preacher said: "I know both how to be humbled, and I know how to abound; everywhere and in all things I have been instructed. Both to be satisfied and to hunger, and to abound and to suffer want—I can do all things in Him who strengthens me."
Is it then, brethren, some skill to be humbled and to abound, to be filled and to hunger, to abound and to suffer want, that so great a preacher would suggest he knows these things as something great? It is entirely a skill, and a wonderful knowledge of discipline, which must be learned by us with the whole effort of our heart. For he who is not broken by his want, who is not drawn back from the giving of thanks, who is not kindled into desire for temporal things, knows how to be humbled. For in this place the Apostle calls being humbled suffering want. For immediately he adds the contrary: I know also how to abound. For he who is not puffed up by things received, who does not twist them to the use of vain glory, who does not possess alone what he has received, but mercifully divides it with the needy, knows how to abound. He who does not use food received for the gorging of the belly, but for the restoration of strength, nor gives more to the flesh than necessity demands, knows how to be filled. He who tolerates lack of food without murmuring, nor for the necessity of sustenance does anything by which the soul might incur the snare of sin, knows how to hunger. He therefore whom neither pride lifts up in abundance, nor desire provokes in necessity, knows how to abound, knows how to suffer want. When he immediately added, I can do all things, lest we should believe these to be words of boasting, he added in what, In him who strengthens me. Behold, a branch has gone forth on high, but because it held itself in the root, it remained in greenness. For rising on high it would have withered, if it had separated itself from the root. For he attributes nothing to himself, because he confesses that he can do all things not in himself, but in him who strengthens him. Therefore on this side and on that the outstanding preacher has the palm, whom neither abundance draws to pride, nor want drags to avarice.
Let us learn, therefore, brothers, to give thanks not only in prosperity but also in adversity. For out of his loving-kindness our Father has become our creator, and he nourishes us as adopted sons for the inheritance of the heavenly kingdom. And he not only refreshes us with gifts but also instructs us with chastisements. Let us learn, therefore, to abound, so that we may share with the needy all that we have received from him. And let not abundance lift up the mind, lest perhaps one rejoice because what is lacking to another is present to oneself, and no longer rejoice in the common good but in one's own private good. Truth calls the disciples back from private joy to common joy, when he admonishes those returning from preaching and rejoicing over the subjection of demons, saying: "Do not rejoice over this, but rather rejoice and exult because your names are written in heaven." For not all the elect cast out demons, yet nevertheless the names of all the elect are held inscribed in heaven. The disciples are therefore admonished to lay aside private joy and to rejoice in common and perpetual happiness. Whoever, therefore, rejoices in what another does not have, made worse by his very abundance, has private joy. Against this craving for abundance John admonishes us, saying: "Do not love the world, nor the things that are in the world." He immediately added the reason why: "If anyone loves the world, the love of the Father is not in him." For no one can serve two masters, because one cannot love both transitory and eternal things at the same time. For if we love eternity, we possess all temporal things in use, not in affection. He immediately added this same reason, saying: "Because all that is in the world is the lust of the flesh, and the lust of the eyes, and the pride of life."
For this reason people desire to have something even beyond what is necessary, so that they may be proud in having it, and because another does not have this, they exalt themselves in their thoughts. Whoever therefore is of this sort has not yet learned to bear abundance. Often, however, what avarice suggests from desire, one thinks to be necessity, and when lesser things would suffice, one grieves that greater things are lacking, and the incautious mind suffers a kind of quasi-necessity which it begets. And when the things it desires are excessive, it somehow excuses its own avarice to itself. Abundance therefore is close to pride. And if at some point desire has also seized it, this has invaded it, so to speak, like a foreign captivity. If therefore we wish to know the art of abounding, it is necessary that we flee not only those vices which are near, but also those which come from afar. Let us learn to suffer want, lest we seek even with fault to have those things which we do not have, nor let us think happy those whom we see burdened with possessions. The things which they prepare for themselves as if for the expenses of the present life are exceedingly excessive. They carry much, but on a short road; poverty is a great companion to us on this journey, which does not constrict the soul when earthly substance is lacking, for which we must render accounts to the eternal Judge. We proceed more freely toward our homeland, because we are, as it were, without burden on the way.
Let us learn to be satisfied, lest in taking nourishment for the body we serve gluttony rather than necessity. For desire seeks more than necessity requires. And often while we take care to satisfy the want of the flesh, pleasure creeps in and exceeds the measure of refreshment. Hence it happens that fault passes into fault, because frequently another temptation of the flesh arises from the very fact that the flesh is served immoderately in refreshment. For from the sin of the first man, with nature weakened, we are born into this world with our temptations. And the flesh is sometimes our helper in good work, but sometimes a seductress in evil. If therefore we give it more than we ought, we nourish an enemy. And if we do not render to its necessity what we owe, we kill a citizen. The flesh therefore must be satisfied, but only to the point that it may suffice to serve us in good work. For whoever gives it so much that it grows proud utterly knows not how to be satisfied. It is therefore a great art to be satisfied, lest anyone through the satiety of the flesh burst forth into the wickedness of shameful conduct. Let us learn to hunger, so that our want here may please us on account of the abundance to follow, lest the necessity of the belly drag us into fault, lest need suggest sin to the mind itself; and while the flesh is afflicted with hunger, the spirit be provoked to covetousness, and seek with fault to provide whence it might satisfy the flesh in necessity, lest the heart leap forth into indignation and kindle the tongue into the bitterness of murmuring. He therefore who in the want of his flesh looks around himself on every side and guards himself from the snare of sin, knows how to hunger.
Therefore, brothers most dear, fleeing wrath and avarice in adversity, and avoiding elation and immoderate joys in prosperity, because through faith, hope, and charity we desire to enter the court of the interior life by three gates, let us hold palms on this side and on that. It is fitting still to bring to mind another citizen of the heavenly fatherland, and to demonstrate how he holds a palm on this side and on that. For blessed Job, when he was richer than all the men of the East, and all prosperous things abounded for him, his sons flourished, his household grew, his flocks overflowed, he persisted in such great fear of almighty God that amid the keeping of discipline, amid acts of justice, amid many services of humility, intent upon works of mercy, devoted to offering sacrifices, he immolated burnt offerings to the Lord for each of his sons, lest any of them had sinned even in his heart. Let us consider therefore how great was the keeping of good work in him who expiated in his sons the sins of the heart through sacrifices. But how just he was had become known in prosperity; yet it was very much unknown whether he could persevere as just also amid afflictions. Therefore he had to be touched by the rod, so that holy man might be tested in prosperity through adversity, so that he who was known to the almighty Lord might become known through afflictions to us and to himself. Thus with the Lord disposing, the flocks were consumed, the keepers slain, the house overthrown, the sons destroyed, his flesh struck from the sole of his foot to the crown of his head. His wife remained unharmed, who might increase his wounds with the javelins of words. But the holy man wisely teaches her in temptation, sound amid his wounds, and responds to her, saying: If we have received good things from the hand of the Lord, why should we not accept evil things? Friends also come to console him, but break forth into insults, and to the pain of his wounds they add still more wounds of words. They call him merciless, they name him a plunderer, they denounce him as violent, they declare him an oppressor of the poor. What therefore would the soldier of God do, caught between painful wounds and bitter words? Behold, the scourges of God and the words of men together press his afflicted soul toward despair; but, filled with the power of the spirit, lying down with wounds of the flesh, standing with strength of mind, against the impulse of despair he brought back to memory the good things he had done. Because he had been merciful, he says: I was an eye to the blind, and a foot to the lame. And again: I was a father to the poor. Because he was both a guardian of discipline and kind, he says: And when I sat as a king, with the army standing around me, I was nevertheless a consoler of those who mourned. Because he had been humble, he says: If I refused to undergo judgment with my servant and my maidservant, when they disputed against me. Because he had been hospitable, he confesses: If I despised one passing by, because he had no garment. Because he was generous in gifts, he says: If his sides have not blessed me, and he was warmed from the fleeces of my sheep. Because he was not violent, he testifies, saying: If I raised my hand against the orphan, when I saw myself superior at the gate. Because he never exulted at the peril of an enemy, he says: If I rejoiced at the ruin of him who hated me. Because he was patient, and also bore the malice of his own people with equanimity, he says: If the men of my tent have not said, Who will give us of his flesh that we may be satisfied? What is it therefore that the holy man enumerates so many of his virtues amid afflictions? What is it that he praises with his own mouth the works he had done, except that amid wounds and words which could drag him to despair, they reform his soul to hope? And he who was humble in prosperity, having recalled his good deeds to memory, remained unbroken in adversity. For whose soul would those words not drive to despair amid so many afflictions, unless he had recalled to memory the good things he had done? The holy man therefore saw his mind being shaken toward despair upon hearing so many evils, and he wonderfully strove to be strengthened in certain hope from his good actions. Thus is fulfilled what is written: In the day of good things be not unmindful of evil things, and in the day of evil things be not unmindful of good things. For if when we have good things we remember the evil things which we have either already suffered or can still suffer, the good things received do not elevate the mind, because the fear from the memory of evil things suppresses their joy. And if when we have evil things we remember the good things which we have either already received or hope we can still receive, the weight of evil things does not press the soul down into despair, because the memory of good things lifts it to hope. If therefore, brothers most dear, we so walk through the Lord's precepts and through the examples of the saints, that neither prosperity elevates us nor adversity breaks us, we show that we hold palms on this side and on that before the eyes of almighty God. To whom is honor and glory forever and ever. Amen.