Again he comforts the listeners when he says, "but if Christ is in you." Some understood Christ here to mean the Spirit; but this is incorrect. The Apostle gives us to understand that he who has the Spirit has Christ Himself within him; for where one of the Persons of the Holy Trinity is, there also are the other Persons. What then will happen if Christ is in us? Then the body is dead with respect to sin, and the Holy Spirit in you is life, that is, He not only lives Himself, but can also impart life to others. And the Spirit is life "for righteousness," that is, because we have been justified by God and this righteousness or justification is preserved in us, and when it is preserved, there will be no sin, and when there is no sin, there is no death either, and what remains at last is life everywhere—both in the present age, when one begins to live according to God (for that life is called life in the proper sense when we are dead to sin), and in the age to come, where life is unending.
Rom. 8:11. But if the Spirit of Him who raised Jesus from the dead dwells in you, then He who raised Christ from the dead will also give life to your mortal bodies through His Spirit who dwells in you.
Again he begins speaking about the resurrection and says: do not fear that you are clothed in a mortal body. You have the Spirit of God, who raised Christ from the dead. As He raised Him, so He will undoubtedly raise you also, and even give you life. Those who do not have the Spirit will also rise, but they will rise for punishment, while those who have the Spirit will rise to life. This is why the apostle did not say "will raise" the body, but "will give life" through the Spirit dwelling in you. He did not say "having dwelt," but "dwelling," remaining until the end. For, seeing His Spirit in you, God will not refuse to bring you into the bridal chamber, just as, if you do not have the Spirit, you will undoubtedly perish, even though you will rise. Therefore, put to death the body, so that the Spirit may dwell in you, and through Him life may be given to you.
Rom. 8:12. Debt, then, we owe, brethren, not to the flesh, to live according to the flesh.
Having shown what benefit the spiritual life provides, that is, that through it Christ dwells in us and our mortal bodies are given life, he finally adds an exhortation and shows that we are debtors not to the flesh, but precisely to the Spirit. For what God poured out upon us was a matter of grace, but what is ours is a matter of obligation and is inevitably required. In explaining the expression "not according to the flesh," lest you understand it as referring to the substance of the flesh, he added: "to live according to the flesh." I forbid, he says, not every care for the flesh (for we are obligated to do many things for the flesh as well — to feed it, to warm it), but such care as leads to sin. For the one who lives according to the flesh is the one who makes the flesh the mistress of his life and the queen of his soul.
Rom. 8:13. For if you live according to the flesh, you will die, but if by the Spirit you put to death the deeds of the flesh, you will live.
By death he means here not only the immortal punishment in gehenna; but he also calls death the life spent on earth in evil deeds. On the contrary, if by spiritual life we put to death the evil deeds of the flesh, we shall live both then — with life unending, and now — with a virtuous life. For whoever is dead to the world, that one lives. Note, however, that he did not say: you put to death the body (for that would be murder), but: "the deeds of the flesh," evidently, the sinful ones. For one must put to death not simply sight or hearing (for to see or to hear is a natural bodily function), but their use for evil.
Rom. 8:14. For as many as are led by the Spirit of God, they are the sons of God.
Above he gave such a promise: you shall live if you put to death wicked deeds. Now he offers a most important crown and a greater reward, namely adoption by God. He did not say: all who live by the Spirit, but all who are led by the Spirit, that is, who are governed as by a charioteer, making the Spirit master over soul and flesh. Although you received baptism and became through baptism a son of God, yet if you are not led by the Spirit, you will lose the gift. For although we all received the Spirit in the bath of regeneration, to be led by Him throughout all of life is required of us as our own task. Therefore he did not say: those who received the Spirit are sons of God, but he says: those who are led by the Spirit of God.
Rom. 8:15. For you did not receive a spirit of bondage again unto fear, but you received the Spirit of adoption.
The Apostle said that those who are led by the Spirit of God are sons of God; but since the Jews also claimed divine adoption for themselves: "I have nourished and brought up children" (Isa. 1:2); and again: "Israel is My son, My firstborn" (Exod. 4:22), he shows what difference exists between our sonship and the sonship of the Jews. The Jews, he says, received the spirit of bondage; so he calls the letter of the law: for although it was given by the Spirit, it is more fitting for slaves. Hence the bodily punishments following upon deeds, and stonings, and burnings, and threats: "the sword," he says, "shall devour you" (Isa. 1:20). Hence also, again, earthly rewards, and promises of earthly goods, and a multitude of trivial commandments fitting for slaves. Therefore, although the Jews were called sons, they were slaves. But we are called sons, as noble and free. For us there are heavenly rewards and the Kingdom of heaven; and our punishment does not consist in stoning and the rest to which the priests subjected the Jews: for us it is sufficient merely to exclude the guilty one from the mystical table, as one would a son. And our commandments are divine and fitting for the noble, for example: do not look at a woman with an impure eye, do not swear, leave your possessions; and they are fulfilled not out of fear of punishment, but from inner disposition, which he proves by the fact that among us many advance beyond what is prescribed in many commandments. Moreover, the Jews did not have the Spirit, but we have His abundant grace.
Rom. 8:15. By which we cry out: "Abba, Father!"
He used a Hebrew word; for this is how the genuine sons of the Father properly address Him. How so, you ask? Did not the Jews also call God Father? It is said: "You forgot the Rock who begot you" (Deut. 32:18). In another place: "Has not one God created us?" (Mal. 2:10). Again: "Have we not all one Father?" (Mal. 2:10). But although this was said concerning the Jews, not a single Jew was found who called God Father in prayer, as all of us now call Him after baptism. Moreover, if the Jews ever called God Father, it was from their own mind; but believers call Him so being moved by the power of the Spirit. Just as we recognize the spirit of prophecy from the fact that the one who has received it foretells the future, so too the spirit of adoption is recognized from the fact that the one who has received it calls God Father, being moved to do so by the Spirit. For this too is one of the gifts of the Spirit, as Paul himself also suggests.
Rom. 8:16. The Spirit Himself bears witness with our spirit that we are children of God.
The Comforter Himself bears witness to the gift imparted to us. For we utter the word "Abba" not without a witness and not of ourselves, but this is the gift of the Comforter; and He taught us to speak thus in prayers by the Spirit, that is, by the gift.
Rom. 8:17. And if children, then heirs—heirs of God and fellow heirs with Christ.
Since not all children are heirs, he proves that we are both children and heirs. And since not every heir inherits the better inheritance, he proves that we have inherited the better inheritance: for we are heirs of God. Again, since it is possible to be an heir but not at all a co-heir of the Only-Begotten, he says that this too belongs to us: for we are co-heirs with Christ.
Rom. 8:17. If only we suffer with Him, so that we may also be glorified with Him.
Having said that we shall be co-heirs with Christ, he proves that we shall attain this not without reason. For He who honored with such blessings those who had not yet shown any merit, will He not all the more reward them when He sees them laboring greatly? And He does this so that those receiving the gift may not be ashamed, as though they receive it without toil. Consider, however, what he suggests here: that one who has been deemed worthy of such gifts must subject himself to sufferings and afflictions.
Rom. 8:18. For I reckon that the present temporal sufferings are not worthy to be compared with the glory which shall be revealed in us.
Having spoken of sufferings, the apostle, lest his listener be shaken, as one led out to sufferings and drawn toward calamities, says: do not be afraid. The "present momentary" sufferings, that is, passing ones, are not worth anything in comparison with the future glory. He did not say: with future rest, but: glory, which is desired by many. Where there is rest, there is not always glory, but where there is glory, there is also rest. By the word "will be revealed" he showed that glory exists even now, but is hidden, and then it will be revealed. Since it is the greatest and inexpressibly surpasses the present age, it is also prepared for them, as extending into unending ages. Therefore, listener, bearing in mind that sufferings are "momentary," while the glory of the age to come is unending, accept sufferings and acquire glory.
Rom. 8:19. For the creation waits with eager expectation for the revelation of the sons of God.
Desiring to show what glory we shall receive, he says that creation itself will change for the better, and all the more so shall we come into a better state. What is said has this meaning. The prophets speak thus: with them rivers clap their hands, hills leap, animals and sensible objects have faces. So also does the apostle, when he says that creation has "hope," that is, a great expectation that it too will change for the better and awaits the revelation of the glory of us, the sons of God. Then it too shall be glorified with incorruption, when we also obtain immortality. Therefore, when you hear speech about creation as though it were animate, consider that it is spoken according to the custom of personification.
Rom. 8:20. For the creation was subjected to vanity, not willingly, but by the will of Him who subjected it, in hope,
Rom. 8:21. That the creation itself also shall be delivered from the bondage of corruption into the glorious liberty of the children of God.