Chapter Twelve
Rom. 12:1. I offer you, brothers, an exhortation through the compassions of God, to present your bodies as a living sacrifice, holy, well-pleasing to God, which is your reasonable service.
Having discussed doctrines sufficiently, he finally turns to moral teaching. Since he has shown the ineffable economy concerning us and the goodness of God, he beseeches "by the mercies of God," that is, he presents the very mercy of God itself as beseeching, so that they might at least be ashamed before it and display nothing unworthy of it. What does he beseech about? That we present our bodies, that is, give them over, for battle. This is how it is commonly expressed in ordinary speech: a commander presented his troops for war. In another sense: we must present our members to God, as to a king, blameless and of the highest quality, for such are those who stand before a king. Then, we must present them as a living sacrifice, for when we put them to death, then we live according to the spirit. Thus, the Jewish sacrifice is not well-pleasing to God. "To what purpose is the multitude of your sacrifices to Me?" (Isa. 1:11). But the sacrifices of believers, that is, of rational worship, God strongly requires. "Offer to God," it says, "a sacrifice of praise" (Ps. 49:14), and: "whoever offers a sacrifice of praise glorifies Me" (Ps. 49:23). Rational worship consists not only in turning to God by means of words, but also in living in a Christian manner, so that no irrational passion reigns in us, but reason governs all things, and so that each person is, as it were, a high priest for himself, slaying the evil hidden within, presenting himself as always standing before God, and trembling with fear at every deed and word, like a high priest standing at the altar of God.
Rom. 12:2. And do not be conformed to this age, but be transformed by the renewing of your mind.
He presents a way in which we can perform our rational service. It consists in our not being conformed to this age, for in it there is nothing constant or enduring, but everything is temporary and has only an outward form (σχήμα), and not essence or abiding existence. So do not be conformed, he says, to "this age" either, which has no permanent essence, that is, do not set your mind on the things in it. "But be transformed by the renewing of your mind," that is, always be renewed. Have you sinned? Your soul has grown old? Renew it. Have you partly corrected your way of life? Endeavor to correct it more and more, and you will become new, always being transformed for the better.
Note then that the world he called an outward form (σχήμα), signifying by this its easy destructibility and temporariness, while virtue he called an essential form (μορφή), since it possesses a natural beauty and has no need of outward masks and adornments.
The world has an outward appearance in order to deceive us, but virtue shows its essential form without masks. Therefore we must always be transformed according to virtue, renewing ourselves from evil to good and from lesser virtue to greater.
Rom. 12:2. That you may discern what is the will of God, that which is good, acceptable, and perfect.
Having said that we should always be renewed, becoming new, he shows what benefit comes from this renewal of the mind. It is, he says, useful "so that you may discern what is the will of God." He whose mind has grown old does not know what the will of God consists of, does not know that God wants us to live in humility, to love poverty, to weep, and to fulfill everything else that God has commanded us.
On the contrary, whoever is renewed in spirit knows what the will of God consists in, knows it just as well as the Jews who hold to the law. The law was also the will of God, but not the well-pleasing and not the perfect will; because it was given not as the primary will, but as one adapted to the weakness of the Jews. The perfect and well-pleasing will of God is the New Testament. However, according to Basil the Great, you may also understand it this way. There are many things that God wills. Some things He wills for our benefit: this is called good, as being full of goodness; other things He wills as one provoked by our sins: this is called evil, as grieving us, although its purpose too is good. Therefore, what God wills for our benefit, we also ought to imitate, but what arouses a feeling of sorrow, we ought not to do; for we are not ministers of evil, but the evil spirits are.
Therefore, first of all, discern the will of God, whether it is good; then, when you have learned this, see whether this will is pleasing to God. For there is much that is good which is not well-pleasing to God, because it is done either not at the right time or not by the right person, as it ought to be. For example: it is good to offer incense to God; but when Uzziah did this, it was not well-pleasing to God (2 Chr. 26:16). Again: it was good for the disciples to know the mysteries, but for them to know them before the proper time was not well-pleasing: "you," He says, "cannot bear them now" (Jn. 16:12). And when something proves to be both good and well-pleasing, then take care that it be carried out without deficiencies as well, exactly as is required, without deviation from it. For example: one should give "with simplicity" (Rom. 12:8), that is, with generosity; but if this is done with stinginess, then the giving does not precisely accord with what is required of it.
Rom. 12:3. By the grace given to me, I say to every one of you: do not think of yourselves more highly than you ought to think; but think with sober judgment, according to the measure of faith that God has apportioned to each.
Paul, being humble-minded, never considers his own words sufficient, but in confirmation of them presents now the mercy of God, now grace. I, he says, do not offer the word from myself, but from God, inspired in me by His grace. "Do not think of yourselves more highly than you ought to think," he says to everyone, both the common person and the ruler; and he reasons first of all about humility, imitating the Lord, who began with it: "Blessed are the poor in spirit" (Matt. 5:3). The meaning of his words is this: one ought to "think," that is, to have lofty thoughts, but for the purpose of thinking about heavenly things and rising above earthly things, not for the purpose of exalting oneself above one's neighbors: this is what it means to "think more highly than one ought to think."
We received prudence not in order to turn it into high-mindedness, but "into sobriety," that is, into humility of mind. He said this in order to show that the high-minded man acts foolishly and has gone out of his mind, while the humble-minded man has sound thoughts and is therefore called sober-minded.
Having said that we must not think highly of ourselves, he now indicates how one should think of oneself humbly, and says that one should think of oneself humbly, considering that God has allotted to each a measure of faith. Since many fell into conceit on account of spiritual gifts, he says that one should think of oneself humbly because God has allotted to each a measure of faith. For this does not depend on your own achievement, but is a divine gift: whether great or small, God has bestowed it. By "gift" he means here that faith by which miracles were performed. For faith is of two kinds: one belongs to us, for example: "your faith has saved you" (Matt. 9:22), and the other is a gift of God: this is the faith by which miracles are accomplished, for example: "if you have faith as a grain of mustard seed and say to this mountain: move from here to there, and it will move" (Matt. 17:20).
Rom. 12:4. For just as in one body we have many members, but not all the members have the same function,
Rom. 12:5. So we, being many, are one body in Christ, and individually members one of another.
By the example of the body and its members, he overthrows the great exaltation of pride. The body is one, but it has various members performing various functions. In exactly the same way, we who believe comprise one body in Christ as the head, while individually we are members one of another — not only the lesser for the greater, but also the greater for the lesser. Therefore, do not exalt yourselves over one another: as members, you have need of one another.
Rom. 12:6. And since, according to the grace given to us, we have different gifts, if you have prophecy, prophesy according to the measure of faith.
He did not say: having gifts greater or lesser, but "different." Thus by the very name he humbles those who exalt themselves! And he does not call them virtues, but "gifts." What you received, he says, is a gift of God, and not your own doing: "grace" gave this to you. So, to humble those who exalt themselves, he says that this is given by God and calls them gifts; but to rouse the lazy, he shows, on the other hand, that for receiving gifts we also contribute something, and says: "prophesy according to the measure of faith." Although this is grace, it is not poured out indiscriminately, but pours out as much as the vessel of faith presented to it can hold. Why does he mention prophecy first? Perhaps without any particular reason, but probably because some were exalting themselves on account of this gift. But if they were exalting themselves, then why did God not deprive them of the gift? For the benefit of people, and for our instruction, so that we would not condemn those who have gifts even when they sin. If I, says God, do not take away My grace, then who are you to despise the one who has a gift?
Rom. 12:7. if you have a ministry, continue in your ministry;
There is a ministry and a special gift in the church order, such as the ministry of the seven deacons. But here by the name "ministry" understand generally every spiritual work. Whatever ministry, he says, you have received, "abide" in the fulfillment of it (this word must be supplied here), do not seek anything greater, and do not exalt yourself above another, but be content with what you have received.
Rom. 12:7. whether a teacher, in teaching;
If one takes ministry in a general sense, then what follows is an enumeration of its types. But if one understands ministry in a special sense (diaconal), then note how he first mentioned the lower, and then placed the higher, that is, teaching, not observing order, and thereby instructing us not to be proud or to exalt ourselves over what seems to us to be higher.
Rom. 12:8. Exhorter, exhort.