1 And it came to pass, when he entered into the house of one of the rulers of the Pharisees, on a Sabbath, to eat bread, that, they, were narrowly watching him.
Ambrose of Milan · AD 397 First, Christ cures the man with dropsy. The abundant flow of the flesh had oppressed the functions of his soul and had quenched the glow of his spirit.
Bede · AD 735 And it happened when he entered the house of a certain ruler of the Pharisees on the Sabbath to eat bread, and they watched him closely, and behold, there was before him a certain man suffering from dropsy. The disease of dropsy takes its name from a watery humor. For in Greek, ὕδωρ means water.
Bonaventure · AD 1257 And it came to pass, when he entered into the house etc. Above he refuted those slandering Christ's miracles in a council; here he openly refutes them at a banquet. For in these two places especially detraction and scrutiny were accustomed to occur, namely in councils and at banquets. This part, which contains the present chapter, is divided into three parts.
2 And lo! there was, a certain man, who had the dropsy, before him.
Augustine of Hippo · AD 430 (ubi sup.) Or we rightly compare the dropsical man to a covetous rich man. For as the former, the more he increases in unnatural moisture the greater his thirst; so also the other, the more abundant his riches, which he does not employ well, the more ardently he desires them.
Bede · AD 735 Mystically, the dropsical man is compared to him who is weighed down by an overflowing stream of carnal pleasures. For the disease of dropsy derives the name from a watery humour.
Bonaventure · AD 1257 And behold, a certain man who had the dropsy. After having described the watching of the Pharisees, here secondly he describes the exposure of the observers; concerning which three things are introduced, namely: The infirmity disposing toward the exposure, the question that exposes, and the dissimulation that conceals.
3 And Jesus, answering, spake unto the Lawyers and Pharisees, saying—Is it allowed, on the Sabbath, to cure, or not? But, they, held their peace.
Bede · AD 735 And Jesus answering, spoke to the lawyers and Pharisees, saying: Is it lawful to heal on the Sabbath day? But they remained silent. What is said of Jesus answering refers to what has been mentioned earlier: And they watched him closely. For the Lord knows the thoughts of men. But they rightly remain silent when questioned, seeing that whatever they say is said against them.
Theophylact of Ohrid · AD 1107 But by His question He exposes their folly. For while God blessed the sabbath, (Gen. 2:1.) they forbade to do good on the sabbath; but the day which does not admit the works of the good is accursed.
Bonaventure · AD 1257 Second, as regards the question that uncovers, he adds: And Jesus answering said to the lawyers and Pharisees. He pointedly says answering, although no one had previously asked anything, because he was responding to their thoughts, which he saw and heard, according to that passage in Matthew nine: "When Jesus had seen their thoughts, he said: Why do you think evil in your heart…
4 And taking hold [of him] he healed and dismissed him,—
Cyril of Alexandria · AD 444 Disregarding then the snares of the Jews, He cures the dropsical, who from fear of the Pharisees did not ask to be healed on account of the sabbath, but only stood up, that when Jesus beheld him, He might have compassion on him and heal him. And the Lord knowing this, asked not whether he wished to be made whole, but forthwith healed him.
Theophylact of Ohrid · AD 1107 But they, understanding where the question was leading, kept silent. Then Jesus does His work and through a touch heals the sick man.
Bonaventure · AD 1257 The second thing, however, that we ought to consider is the work of virtue, in which is understood the healing of spiritual illness. Concerning this, three things are said, namely that he took hold of him, that he healed him, and that he sent him away.
5 and, unto them, said—Which of you, shall have a son or an ox that, into a pit, shall fall, and will not straightway pull him up, on the day of rest?
Cyril of Alexandria · AD 444 As they were silent from ill will, Christ refutes their unrelenting shamelessness by the convincing arguments that he uses.
Theophylact of Ohrid · AD 1107 Then by this act He also shames the Pharisees, saying to them as if thus: if the Law forbade showing mercy on the Sabbath, would you not care for your son who fell into misfortune on the Sabbath? And why do I speak of a son? Would you leave an ox without help if you saw it in distress?
Bonaventure · AD 1257 The third thing, however, that must be considered is the example of instruction, in which he sets forth a likeness concerning the ox and the donkey falling into a well, which are pulled out on the Sabbath.
6 And they could not return an answer unto these things.
Bonaventure · AD 1257 Third, as to the evidence of the sign, he adds: And they could not reply to these things. The Gloss: "Convicted." For then it is an evident sign that a man has been convicted, when every way of escape fails him.
7 And he went on to speak, unto the invited, a parable,—observing how, the first couches, they were choosing; saying unto them—
Ambrose of Milan · AD 397 First the dropsical man is cured, in whom the abundant discharges of the flesh crushed down the powers of the soul, quenched the ardour of the Spirit. Next, humility is taught, when at the nuptial feast the desire of the highest place is forbidden. As it is said, And he spake, Sit not down in the highest room.
Theophylact of Ohrid · AD 1107 Do you see what the suppers of Christ are like, how they are turned to the profit of souls and not to the stuffing of the belly? For look, He healed the man suffering from dropsy, He taught the Pharisees that doing good on the Sabbath is a good deed.
Bonaventure · AD 1257 He spoke also to those who were invited, etc. After he confuted the observers, here secondly he instructs the guests. This part is divided into three according to a threefold instruction. For first he instructs those invited to the nuptial banquet. Second he instructs those inviting to the familiar banquet, there: He said also to him who had invited him.
8 Whensoever thou hast been invited by anyone unto a marriage feast, do not recline on the first couch; lest once, a more honourable than thou, have been invited by him,
Clement of Alexandria · AD 215 Gatherings for the sake of mirth, and such entertainments as are called by ourselves, we name rightly suppers, dinners, and banquets, after the example of the Lord. But such entertainments the Lord has not called agapae.
Cyril of Alexandria · AD 444 For to rush forward hastily to honours which are not fitting for us, indicates rashness and casts a slur upon our actions. Hence it follows, lest a more honourable man than thou be invited, &c.
Bonaventure · AD 1257 Second, with regard to the persuasion dissuading from pride, he adds: Saying to them: When you are invited to a wedding, do not recline in the first place.
9 and he that invited both thee and him should come, and say unto thee—Give, unto this one, place! and, then, thou shouldst begin, with shame, the last place, to occupy.
Bede · AD 735 For he will have to give place to one more honourable who is bidden afterwards, seeing that he is overtaken by the activity of those who followed him, and with shame he occupies the lowest place, now that knowing better things of the others he brings low whatever high thoughts he once had of his own works.
Bernard of Clairvaux · AD 1153 For if we could clearly know in what state God holds each one of us, we should neither depart above nor below, acquiescing in the truth in all things.
Bonaventure · AD 1257 And then he who invited both you and him, coming, through the disposition of justice: Proverbs 16: "God is the weigher of spirits"; will say to you: Give this one your place, on account of the preeminence of dignity: 1 Kings 15: "The Lord has torn your kingdom from you and has given it to your neighbor who is better than you".
10 But, whensoever thou hast been invited, pass on and fall back into the last place, that, whensoever he that hath invited thee shall come, he may say unto thee—Friend! come close up, higher. Then, shalt thou have honour before all who are reclining together with thee.
Cyril of Alexandria · AD 444 But the modest and praiseworthy man, who might without fear of blame have claimed the dignity of sitting among the foremost, seeks it not, but yields to others what might be called his own, that he may not even seem to be overcome by vainglory; and such an one shall receive honour as his due: for he shall hear, He says, him who bade him say, "Come up hither." A modest mind ther…
Theophylact of Ohrid · AD 1107 On the contrary, how praiseworthy it is when one who is worthy of the first place initially sits below others, and then turns out to be the one presiding, so that everyone yields precedence to him.
Bonaventure · AD 1257 But when you shall have been invited. After he has censured arrogance, here secondly he invites to reverence; which indeed he does by persuading to perfect humility, by assigning the attendant benefit, by confirming through divine equity.
11 Because, everyone who exalteth himself, shall be abased; and, he that abaseth himself, shall be exalted?
Ignatius of Antioch · AD 108 May I enjoy you in all respects, if indeed I be worthy! For though I am bound, I am not worthy to be compared to one of you that are at liberty. I know that ye are not puffed up, for ye have Jesus in yourselves.
Cyril of Alexandria · AD 444 Having shown therefore from so slight an example the degradation of the ambitious and the exaltation of the humbleminded, He adds a great thing to a little, pronouncing a general sentence, as it follows, For every one who exalts himself shall be abased, and he that humbleth himself shall be exalted.
Bonaventure · AD 1257 Third, confirming through divine equity, He adds: For everyone who exalts himself, through proud self-elevation, according to that passage of Job 15: "Why does your heart elevate you, and why do you have astonished eyes, as though thinking great things?" He shall be humbled, through judicial severity: Isaiah 2: "The lofty eyes of man shall be humbled." "For the day of the Lord…
12 Moreover he went on to say, unto him also who had invited him,—Whensoever thou mayest be making a dinner or a supper, do not call thy friends, or thy brothers, or thy kinsfolk, or rich neighbours,—lest once, they also, invite thee in return, and it become a recompense unto thee.
Irenaeus · AD 202 And for this reason the Lord declared, "When thou makest a dinner or a supper, do not call thy friends, nor thy neighbours, nor thy kinsfolk, lest they ask thee in return, and so repay thee.
John Chrysostom · AD 407 (Hom. 1, 3. in ep. Col.) Many are the sources from which friendships are made. Leaving out all unlawful ones, we shall speak only of those which are natural and moral; the natural are, for instance, between father and son, brother and brother, and such like; which He meant, saying, Nor thy brethren, nor thy kinsmen; the moral, when a man has become your guest or neighbour; and…
Bonaventure · AD 1257 He was saying moreover, etc. After he instructed the guests invited to the wedding banquet, here secondly he instructs those who invite others to a familiar banquet; in which instruction he first draws back those who invite from worldly courtesy, secondly he attracts them to divine charity, there: But when you make a feast.
13 But, whensoever, an entertainment, thou mayest be making, invite the destitute, the tried, the lame, the blind;
Irenaeus · AD 202 And for this reason the Lord declared, "When thou makest a dinner or a supper, do not call thy friends, nor thy neighbours, nor thy kinsfolk, lest they ask thee in return, and so repay thee.
Gregory of Nyssa · AD 395 Do not then let them lie as though they were nothing worth. Reflect who they are, and thou wilt discover their preciousness. They have put on the image of the Saviour. Heirs of future blessings, bearing the keys of the kingdom, able accusers and excusers, not speaking themselves, but examined by the judge.
Bonaventure · AD 1257 But when you make a feast. After he drew back from worldly courtesy, here secondly he invites to divine charity. Which indeed he does in three ways, namely through the commendation of fraternal piety, through the assignment of the inductive reason, and through the approbation of the induced reason.
14 and, happy, shalt thou be, that they have not wherewith to recompense thee, for it shall be recompensed unto thee, in the resurrection of the righteous.
Irenaeus · AD 202 John, therefore, did distinctly foresee the first "resurrection of the just," and the inheritance in the kingdom of the earth; and what the prophets have prophesied concerning it harmonize [with his vision]. For the Lord also taught these things, when He promised that He would have the mixed cup new with His disciples in the kingdom.
Bede · AD 735 And though all rise again, yet it is called the resurrection of the just, because in the resurrection they doubt not that they are blessed. Whoever then bids the poor to his feast shall receive a reward hereafter. But he who invites his friends, brothers, and the rich, has received his reward.
Bonaventure · AD 1257 Second, as to the assignment of the persuasive reason, he adds: And you shall be blessed, because they have nothing to repay you: therefore it is necessary that another repay on their behalf: Proverbs 19: "He who has mercy on the poor lends to the Lord"; which is said on account of the immensity of the reward, concerning which he adds: For it shall be repaid to you in the resur…
15 And one of those reclining together, hearing these things, said unto him—Happy, whoever shall eat bread in the kingdom of God!
Clement of Alexandria · AD 215 But love (agape) is in truth celestial food, the banquet of reason. "It beareth all things, endureth all things, hopeth all things. Love never faileth." "Blessed is he who shall eat bread in the kingdom of God." But the hardest of all cases is for charity, which faileth not, to be cast from heaven above to the ground into the midst of sauces.
Cyril of Alexandria · AD 444 That man was carnal, and a careless hearer of the things which Christ delivered, for he thought the reward of the saints was to be bodily.
Bonaventure · AD 1257 Third, as to the approval of the reason adduced, he adds: When one of those who sat at table with him had heard these things: had heard, I say, not only with the ear of the body, but also with the ear of the heart, according to that of Apocalypse 2: "He who has an ear, let him hear what the Spirit says to the Churches." And since he who hears in this way believes, according to…
16 But, he, said unto him—A certain man, was making a great supper, and invited many;
Tertullian · AD 220 Consider also to which deity is better suited the parable of him who issued invitations: "A certain man made a great supper, and bade many." The preparation for the supper is no doubt a figure of the abundant provision of eternal life.
Gregory the Dialogist · AD 604 (Hom. 36. in Evan.) Or he made a great supper, as having prepared for us the full enjoyment of eternal sweetness. He bade many, but few came, because sometimes they who themselves are subject to him by faith, by their lives oppose his eternal banquet.
Bonaventure · AD 1257 But he said to him: A certain man etc. After he instructed those invited to the nuptial banquet and those inviting to the familiar banquet, here he instructs those to be invited to the eternal banquet through the introduction of a parable.
17 and he sent out his servant, at the hour of the supper, to say unto the invited—Be coming! because, even now, is it, ready.
Cyril of Alexandria · AD 444 And what was the nature of the invitation? "Come: for lo! all things are ready." For God the Father has prepared in Christ for the inhabitants of earth those gifts which are bestowed upon the world through Him, even the forgiveness of sins, the cleansing away of all defilement, the communion of the Holy Spirit, the glorious adoption as sons, and the kingdom of heaven.
Bede · AD 735 And he sent his servant at supper time to say to those who were invited that they should come, for everything is now ready. What is the supper time if not the end of the world? In which we indeed are, as Paul long ago bears witness, saying: We are those upon whom the ends of the ages have come (I Cor. X).
Bonaventure · AD 1257 Third, with regard to the stirring up of this same multitude to devotion, he adds: And he sent his servant at the hour of the supper to tell those invited to come.
18 And they all began, one after another to excuse themselves. The first, said unto him—A field, have I bought, and have need to go out and see it: I request thee, hold me excused.
Tertullian · AD 220 It certainly is not the feast of him who never sent a messenger to warn-who never did a thing before towards issuing an invitation, but came down himself on a sudden-only then beginning to be known, when already giving his invitation; only then inviting, when already compelling to his banquet; appointing one and the same hour both for the supper and the invitation.
Cyril of Alexandria · AD 444 "They began," it says, "all of them at once to make excuse," that is, as with one purpose, without any delay, they made excuse.… By senselessly giving themselves up to these earthly matters, they cannot see things spiritual. Conquered by the love of the flesh, they are far from holiness. They are covetous and greedy after wealth.
Bonaventure · AD 1257 And they all began together. After the invitation of many, there follows here the excuse of those called, because many come to faith who nevertheless do not wish to arrive at charity on account of their proneness to vices, which they take up as a veil of excuse.
19 And, another, said—Five yoke of oxen, have I bought, and am going my way to prove them; I request thee, hold me excused.
Origen of Alexandria · AD 253 He who has bought five yoke of oxen is he who neglects his intellectual nature, and follows the things of sense, therefore he cannot comprehend a spiritual nature.
Gregory the Dialogist · AD 604 Another said: I have bought five yoke of oxen, and I go to test them; I pray you, have me excused. What do we understand by the five yoke of oxen except the five senses of the body? These are also rightly called yokes, because they are doubled in each sex.
Bonaventure · AD 1257 Second, as regards the second excuse, which comes from the solicitude of avarice, he adds: And another said: I have bought five yoke of oxen. For the solicitude of avarice causes one to seek nothing but to deal with earthly things; therefore it is compared to the labor of oxen, whose task is to furrow and work the earth.
20 And, another, said—A wife, have I married, and, for this cause, I cannot come!
Origen of Alexandria · AD 253 He who has married a wife is he who is joined to the flesh, a lover of pleasure rather than of God. (1 Tim. 3:4.)
Augustine of Hippo · AD 430 (ubi sup.) That is, the delight of the flesh which hinders many, I wish it were outward and not inward. For he who said, I have married a wife, taking pleasure in the delights of the flesh, excuses himself from the supper; let such a one take heed lest he die from inward hunger.
Bonaventure · AD 1257 Thirdly, as to the third excuse, which comes from the desire of wantonness, he adds: And another said: I have married a wife, and therefore I cannot come.
21 And, going near, the servant reported unto his lord these things. Then, provoked to anger, the master of the house said unto his servant—Go out quickly, into the broadways and streets of the city,—and, the destitute, and tried, and blind, and lame, bring thou in here.
Tertullian · AD 220 Then He was moved (He did well to be moved; for, as Marcion denies emotion to his god, He must be therefore my God), and commanded them to invite out of "the streets and lanes of the city." Let us see whether this is not the same in purport as His words by Jeremiah: "Have I been a wilderness to the house of Israel, or a land left uncultivated?
Gregory the Dialogist · AD 604 There follows: The servant returned and reported these things to his master. Then the angry master of the house said to his servant: Go out quickly into the streets and lanes of the city, and bring in here the poor and the feeble, and the blind and the lame.
Pseudo-Basil · AD 1274 (app. Hom. in Ps. 37.) Not that the passion of anger belongs to the Divine substance, but an operation such as in us is caused by anger, is called the anger and indignation of God.
22 And the servant said—Lord! what thou didst order, hath been done; and, yet, there is, room.
Gregory the Dialogist · AD 604 But let us hear what the servant adds after the poor have been brought to the supper: Lord, it is done as you commanded, and still there is room. Many such were gathered from Judea to the Lord's supper, but the multitude that believed from the people of Israel did not fill the place of the heavenly banquet.
Theophylact of Ohrid · AD 1107 But after the Israelites entered, that is, the chosen ones among them, whom God predestined to His glory (Rom. 8:29–30), such as Peter, the sons of Zebedee, and the rest of the multitude who believed — after that, the grace of God was poured out also upon the Gentiles. For by those found on the "roads" and "lanes" one can understand the Gentiles.
Bonaventure · AD 1257 Secondly, regarding the compulsion of the negligent, which follows the calling of the humble, he adds: And the servant said: Lord, it has been done as you commanded, and there is still room: because there are not as many humble as there are predestined to life, nor are there as many willing for eternal life as there are predestined by God.
23 And the lord said unto the servant—Go out among the highways and fences, and compel them to come in; that my house may be filled.
Tertullian · AD 220 Therefore He sent out to call others, but from the same city. My third remark is this, that although the place abounded with people, He yet commanded that they gather men from the highways and the hedges.
Gregory the Dialogist · AD 604 Hence it is said to the same servant: Go out into the highways and hedges, and compel them to come in, that my house may be filled.
Bonaventure · AD 1257 Therefore he adds: And the lord said to the servant: Go out into the highways and hedges. By highways and hedges, which are outside the city, are understood sinners who are outside the ecclesiastical unity, and especially the gentiles.
24 For, I say unto you—Not one of those men who had been invited, shall taste of my supper.
Gregory the Dialogist · AD 604 But the sentence that is immediately added is greatly to be feared. Receive this with attentive ear of heart, my brothers and lords: insofar as you are sinners, my brothers; insofar as you are righteous, my lords. Receive this with attentive ear, so that you may feel it less at the judgment, the more fearfully you now hear it in preaching.
Theophylact of Ohrid · AD 1107 This supper is prepared daily, and we are all called to the Kingdom which God prepared for people even before the creation of the world (Matt. 25:34). But we are not deemed worthy of it—some because of curiosity for wisdom, others because of love for material things, and still others because of love for the flesh.
Bonaventure · AD 1257 Third, with regard to the rejection of the contemptuous, he adds: But I say to you, that none of those men who were invited and excused themselves shall taste my supper; because no one attains to that supper except the humble: Matthew chapter eighteen: "Unless you be converted and become as little children, you shall not enter into the kingdom of heaven"; hence also it is said…
25 And there were journeying together with him many multitudes; and, turning, he said unto them—
Gregory the Dialogist · AD 604 (in Hom. 37. in Ev.) The mind is kindled, when it hears of heavenly rewards, and already desires to be there, where it hopes to enjoy them without ceasing; but great rewards cannot be reached except by great labours. Therefore it is said, And there went great multitudes with him: and he turned to them, and said, &c.
Theophylact of Ohrid · AD 1107 For because many of those that accompanied Him followed not with their whole heart, but lukewarmly, He shows what kind of a man his disciple ought to be.
Bonaventure · AD 1257 Now great crowds were going. After he confuted the calumniators and instructed the dinner guests, here now thirdly he instructs the companions. This part is divided into two. In the first he instructs the companions through express words: in the second through parabolic examples, at: For which of you, wishing to build a tower etc.
26 If anyone cometh unto me, and hateth not his own father, and mother, and wife, and children, and brothers, and sisters, further also, even his own life, he cannot be my disciple.
Clement of Alexandria · AD 215 "But whosoever shall not hate father or mother or wife or children," they quote, "cannot be my disciple." This is not a command to hate one's family. For he says: "Honour thy father and thy mother that it may be well with thee." But what he means is this: Do not let yourself be led astray by irrational impulses and have nothing to do with the city customs.
Philoxenus of Mabbug · AD 523 Accept thou as a proof the life of this righteous man, and learn also therefrom that a man cannot become a perfect disciple of Christ unless he make himself a stranger to the whole world after the manner of this righteous man, even as the word of Christ also hath taught us openly, "Except a man renounce the whole world, and his brethren, and his kinsfolk, and his family, and hi…
Bonaventure · AD 1257 We are obliged to obey our parents as long as we make use of their goods; and we ought to comply with them in the exercise of virtuous or salutary acts, in the dispensation of temporal goods, and in the rendering of services: because we ought to live according to their counsel and spend according to their command and, when they require it, render service.
27 Whoever beareth not his own cross, and cometh after me, cannot be my disciple.
Irenaeus · AD 202 They show, further, that that Horos of theirs, whom they call by a variety of names, has two faculties,-the one of supporting, and the other of separating; and in so far as he supports and sustains, he is Stauros, while in so far as he divides and separates, he is Horos.
John Chrysostom · AD 407 He means not that we should place a beam of wood on our shoulders, but that we should ever have death before our eyes. As also Paul died daily and despised death. (1 Cor. 15:31.)
Bonaventure · AD 1257 Third, with respect to the completion of the spiritual companionship, he adds: And he who does not carry his cross, through perfect mortification of the flesh; and comes after me, through right intention; cannot be my disciple, through true imitation.
28 For, who from among you, wishing to build a tower, doth not first sit down and count the cost,—whether he hath sufficient for completion;
Tertullian · AD 220 It is advanced too late. For after the similitude of that most prudent builder, who first computes the costs of the work, together with his own means, lest, when he has begun, he afterwards blush to find himself spent, deliberation should have been made before.
Philoxenus of Mabbug · AD 523 And He hath exposed of old this deceitful thought in His word, and by the hand of that one hath rebuked all the disciples of falsehood, and prevented them from being His disciples.
Bonaventure · AD 1257 For which of you, wishing to build, etc. After he instructed those accompanying him, and this through express words, here secondly he instructs the same through parabolic examples.
29 lest once, he having laid a foundation, and not being able to finish, all who are looking on, should begin to mock at him,
Philoxenus of Mabbug · AD 523 The disciple of God, then, should seek to have the remembrance of his Master Jesus Christ fixed in his soul and to meditate upon it day and night.
Bede · AD 735 Lest after he has laid the foundation, and is not able to finish it, all who see it begin to mock him, saying, 'This man began to build and was not able to finish.' For, according to Paul's words, we have been made a spectacle to the world, to angels and to men.
Bonaventure · AD 1257 Third, with regard to the avoidance of impending reproach, he adds: Lest, after he has laid the foundation, namely by undertaking a higher state in imitating Christ — and this is to lay the foundation: First Corinthians 3: "For no one can lay another foundation besides that which has been laid, which is Christ Jesus." One begins to lay this foundation through faith and good wor…
30 saying—This man, began to build, and was not able to finish!
Philoxenus of Mabbug · AD 523 And behold, by these things He Who called thee to be His disciple hath taught thee that thou shouldst not begin in this path unless thou art determined to finish in it, and that thou shouldst not lay the foundations to build a tower, if thou hast it not in thy mind to finish it, and that thou shouldst not go forth to war against Satan, unless the hosts of mighty thoughts be gat…
Gregory the Dialogist · AD 604 But we must consider what is said: "All who see it begin to mock him," because, according to the voice of Paul, "We have been made a spectacle to the world, to angels and to men." And in everything we do, we ought to consider our hidden adversaries, who always press upon our works, who always rejoice at our failure.
Bonaventure · AD 1257 They begin to mock him, saying: Because this man began to build and was not able to finish: and this by inflicting insults and deriding, because it is greatly shameful for those who turn back and apostatize.
31 Or, what king, moving on to encounter, another king, in battle, will not sit down first and take counsel, whether he is able, with ten thousand, to meet him who, with twenty thousand, is coming against him.
Augustine of Hippo · AD 430 Or the ten thousand of him who is going to fight with the king who has twenty, signify the simplicity of the Christian about to contend with the subtlety of the devil.
Bede · AD 735 Or what king, going to engage in war against another king, will not first sit down and consider whether he is able with ten thousand to meet the one who comes against him with twenty thousand? Otherwise, while the other is still far away, he sends a delegation and asks for the terms of peace.
Bonaventure · AD 1257 Or what king going to engage etc. Above he proposed the parable of the man building, here he proposes the parable of the king waging war; in which part indeed three things are introduced, namely the proposal of war, the foresight of danger, and the provision of remedy.
32 And, if not, by any means, while he is yet afar off, he sendeth, an embassy, and requesteth the conditions of peace.
Gregory the Dialogist · AD 604 What then must be done, brothers, except that while we see that we with a single army cannot prevail against his double one, we send an embassy while he is still far off, and ask for terms of peace? For he is said to be far off because he is not yet seen as present through judgment.
Bonaventure · AD 1257 Third, as to the provision of a remedy, he adds: Otherwise, while the other is still far off, he sends an embassy and asks for terms of peace, namely, if he recognizes his own weakness with respect to this threefold battle, he labors to avoid that fight.
33 Thus, therefore, everyone from amongst you, who doth not bid adieu unto all his own possessions, cannot be my disciple.
Cyprian · AD 258 But it may also be thus understood, that we who have renounced the world, and have cast away its riches and pomps in the faith of spiritual grace, should only ask for ourselves food and support, since the Lord instructs us, and says, "Whosoever forsaketh not all that he hath, cannot be my disciple." But he who has begun to be Christ's disciple, renouncing all things according t…
Gregory the Dialogist · AD 604 Certainly when he set forth new commandments to those following him, he said: "Unless someone renounces all that he possesses, he cannot be my disciple." As if he were saying openly: You who through your old life covet what belongs to others, through the pursuit of a new way of life give away even your own things.
Bonaventure · AD 1257 Again, Luke 14 it is said: Unless one renounces all that he possesses, he cannot etc.; The Gloss: "This is the difference between renouncing all things and leaving all things: because renouncing belongs to all who use worldly things that they possess licitly, yet in mind tend toward eternal things; but leaving belongs only to the perfect, who set aside all temporal things and l…
34 Good, therefore is the salt; but, if, even the salt, become tasteless, wherewith shall it be seasoned?
Origen of Alexandria · AD 253 People of God are truly the salt of the earth. They preserve the order of the world. Society is held together as long as the salt is uncorrupted. If the salt lost its savor, it is neither suitable for the land or the manure pile. It will be thrown out and trampled underfoot. "He that has ears, let him hear" the meaning of these words.
Bede · AD 735 Salt is good: But if the salt has also lost its flavor, how shall it be seasoned? He refers to the preceding, where he commanded not only the beginning but also the completion of the tower of virtues.
Bonaventure · AD 1257 Second, as regards caution against a harmful thing, he adds: Salt is good, but if the salt loses its savor. By salt is understood every perfect disciple, who ought to season the hearts of others by example and word; whence Matthew 5: "You are the salt of the earth"; which is said because he ought to have the highest discretion in conduct, according to that passage of Colossians…
35 Neither for land nor for manure, is it, fit: outside, they cast it! He that hath ears to hear, let him hear.
Bede · AD 735 He who has ears to hear, let him hear. That is, he who has ears of understanding, with which he can perceive the word of God, let him not despise but hear, obeying and doing what he has learned. For not a forgetful hearer, but a doer of the work will be blessed in his deed. Amen.
Bonaventure · AD 1257 Therefore he adds: It is useful neither for the land nor for the dunghill, but it will be cast out. The Gloss: "Because he who goes backward is able neither to bear fruit himself nor to cultivate others"; indeed, what is more, he renders the land barren, because a perfect man who falls renders others useless for doing good by his bad example.