Paul’s Trial before Festus 1 Now when Festus had come into the province, after three days he ascended from Caesarea to Jerusalem.
John Chrysostom · AD 407 "Now when Festus was come into the province," etc. At the very beginning, the priests came to him, who would not have hesitated to go even to Caesarea, unless he had been seen immediately coming up, since immediately on his arrival they come to him. And he spends ten days, in order, I suppose, to be open to those who wished to corrupt him with bribes.
2 Then the high priest and the chief of the Jews informed him against Paul, and begged him,
3 And desired favor against him, that he would send for him to Jerusalem, laying wait in the way to kill him.
4 But Festus answered, that Paul should be kept at Caesarea, and that he himself would depart shortly there.
John Chrysostom · AD 407 What are ye afraid of? What are ye in such a hurry? In fact, that expression, "that he should be kept" shows this. Does he want to escape? "Let them therefore," he says, "which among you are able, accuse him." Again accusers, again at Caesarea, again Paul is brought forth.
Bede · AD 735 But Festus replied that Paul was being kept in Caesarea, and that he himself was about to depart soon. "Soon," he says, naturally means "quickly," although sometimes it is said to be "sooner" when something is done more slowly and with mature counsel. For in Greek it is written ἐν τάχει, that is, "in haste."
5 Let them therefore, he said, which among you are able, go down with me, and accuse this man, if there be any wickedness in him.
6 And when he had stayed among them more than ten days, he went down to Caesarea; and the next day sitting on the judgment seat commanded Paul to be brought.
7 And when he had come, the Jews which came down from Jerusalem stood round about, and laid many and grievous complaints against Paul, which they could not prove.
John Chrysostom · AD 407 But after they came down, they forthwith made their accusations shamelessly and with more vehemence: and not having been able to convict him on grounds relating to the Law, they again according to their custom stirred the question about Caesar, being just what they did in Christ's case.
8 While he answered for himself, Neither against the law of the Jews, neither against the temple, nor yet against Caesar, have I offended anything at all.
Theophylact of Ohrid · AD 1107 Here is a clear and open declaration: I, says Paul, kept myself pure in all things, sinned neither against God, "nor against the law of the Jews," nor against man, nor against the temple, that is, I never dishonored the Jewish temples built of stones, although I know and preach that God does not dwell in temples made with hands; likewise I never offended the conscience of the J…
9 But Festus, willing to do the Jews a pleasure, answered Paul, and said, Will you go up to Jerusalem, and there be judged of these things before me?
John Chrysostom · AD 407 While as yet he had not got acquainted with the Jews, nor experienced the honor paid to him by them, he answered rightly: but now that he had been in Jerusalem ten days, he too wants to pleasure them by sacrificing Paul to them: then, also to receive Paul, "Wilt thou," says he, "be judged there of these things by me?" I am not giving thee up to them - but this was the fact - an…
Paul Appeals to Caesar 10 Then said Paul, I stand at Caesar’s judgment seat, where I ought to be judged: to the Jews have I done no wrong, as you very well know.
John Chrysostom · AD 407 Some one might say, How is it, that having been told, "Thou must also bear witness of Me in Rome", he, as if unbelieving, did this? God forbid: nay, he did it, because he so strongly believed.
Theophylact of Ohrid · AD 1107 "I stand before Caesar's judgment seat" means: I wish to go to Rome to Caesar and there receive judgment. I demand this, he says, from you.
11 For if I be an offender, or have committed anything worthy of death, I refuse not to die: but if there be none of these things of which these accuse me, no man may deliver me to them. I appeal to Caesar.
Oecumenius · AD 550 "I appeal to Caesar," said Paul, wishing to escape the hands of the Jews, that is, in Rome I desire to go to the emperor and there to be tried. "I appeal to you," he says. For the name "Caesar," in Roman usage, signifies "king," just as by a common name all kings of the Romans are called Caesar, though indeed these are not their private names.
Bede · AD 735 No one can grant me to them. I appeal to Caesar. The reason he appeals to Caesar and hastens to go to Rome is so that he may persist longer in preaching, and when many believe from this, and with everyone he will be crowned as he goes to Christ.
12 Then Festus, when he had conferred with the council, answered, Have you appealed to Caesar? to Caesar shall you go.
John Chrysostom · AD 407 But this king Agrippa, who was also a Herod, was a different Agrippa, after him of James' time, so that this is the fourth Herod. See how his enemies cooperate with him against their will. To make the audience large, Agrippa falls into a desire of hearing: and he does not simply hear, but with much parade.
Festus Consults Agrippa 13 And after certain days king Agrippa and Bernice came to Caesarea to salute Festus.
Oecumenius · AD 550 "Agrippa the king." That is, Agrippa was exercising the rank of king in the provinces, and therefore was addressed as king; or perhaps he himself was king of the eastern parts, Nero being ruler of the western, and while Nero was in Rome. [AMMONIUS]
Bede · AD 735 King Agrippa and Bernice came down to Caesarea. This Agrippa who came to Caesarea with his sister is (as I said) the son of Herod Agrippa, whom we read above was killed by the angel, who held the kingdom of Judea until the destruction of Jerusalem, always friendly to the Romans, and safest from all that Jewish sedition.
Theophylact of Ohrid · AD 1107 Agrippa was either a viceroy of the king in the eastern provinces and therefore called a king, or perhaps he was himself a king in the east, while Nero ruled in the west and had his residence in Rome. "Caesar" in Latin means "emperor," since all Roman emperors, as long as they were emperors, were called Caesars; however, these titles were not their proper names.
14 And when they had been there many days, Festus declared Paul’s cause to the king, saying, There is a certain man left in bonds by Felix:
15 About whom, when I was at Jerusalem, the chief priests and the elders of the Jews informed me, desiring to have judgment against him.
16 To whom I answered, It is not the manner of the Romans to deliver any man to die, before that he which is accused have the accusers face to face, and have licence to answer for himself concerning the crime laid against him.
Theophylact of Ohrid · AD 1107 It is clear that Pilate, having handed Jesus over to the Jews, did this with a villainous purpose, since he despised both the judgment of God and Roman law in order to please the murderers by delivering innocent blood to death, although for such an unlawful act he was subject to accountability before the Roman emperor, who had sent him as governor to the territory of Jerusalem.
17 Therefore, when they had come here, without any delay on the next day I sat on the judgment seat, and commanded the man to be brought forth.
18 Against whom when the accusers stood up, they brought none accusation of such things as I supposed:
John Chrysostom · AD 407 And see what a vindication! So writes Festus, and the ruthlessness of the Jews is openly made a show of: for when it is the governor that says these things, he is a witness above all suspicion: so that the Jews are condemned by him also. For, when all had pronounced sentence against them, then, and not sooner, God brings upon them the punishment.
Theophylact of Ohrid · AD 1107 "Having surrounded him, the accusers did not present a single one of their charges." The slanderers brought accusations against him, but did not prove them, because their slander and audacity seemed suspicious, and the examination of the case confirmed nothing.
19 But had certain questions against him of their own superstition, and of one Jesus, which was dead, whom Paul affirmed to be alive.
Theophylact of Ohrid · AD 1107 Naturally he says "about a certain Jesus," since he was a man with authority and paid no attention to the Lord.
20 And because I doubted of such manner of questions, I asked him whether he would go to Jerusalem, and there be judged of these matters.
John Chrysostom · AD 407 "And not knowing, for my part, what to make of the enquiry concerning these things" - of course, it went beyond a judge's hearing, the examining into these matters. If thou art at a loss, why dost thou drag him to Jerusalem? But the other would not deign this: no, "To Caesar" says he; as in fact it was touching Caesar that they accused him. Do you hear the appeal?
Theophylact of Ohrid · AD 1107 "Being at a loss regarding the resolution of this question." The examination of such a case left the judge perplexed, since the matter was beyond his understanding.
21 But when Paul had appealed to be reserved to the hearing of Augustus, I commanded him to be kept till I might send him to Caesar.
Theophylact of Ohrid · AD 1107 "On the review of Augustus." He calls the emperor Augustus, as well as Caesar; he also calls him lord (sovereign).
22 Then Agrippa said to Festus, I would also hear the man myself. Tomorrow, he said, you shall hear him.
Paul before Agrippa and Bernice 23 And on the next day, when Agrippa had come, and Bernice, with great pomp, and was entered into the place of hearing, with the chief captains, and principal men of the city, at Festus’ commandment Paul was brought forth.
John Chrysostom · AD 407 See what an audience is gathered together for Paul. Having collected all his guards, the governor is come, and the king, and the tribunes, "with the principal men," it says, "of the city." Then Paul being brought forth, see how he is proclaimed as conqueror.
Bede · AD 735 When Agrippa and Bernice had come with great pomp, etc. For "pomp," in Greek it is written φαντασία, by which term is designated a great display and royal pomp, with which he, being surrounded on all sides, was encircled.
24 And Festus said, King Agrippa, and all men which are here present with us, you see this man, about whom all the multitude of the Jews have dealt with me, both at Jerusalem, and also here, crying that he ought not to live any longer.
John Chrysostom · AD 407 Festus himself acquits him from the charges, for what says Festus? "And Festus said, King Agrippa, and all men which are here present with us, ye see this man, about whom all the multitude of the Jews have dealt with me, both at Jerusalem, and also here, crying that he ought not to live any longer.
25 But when I found that he had committed nothing worthy of death, and that he himself has appealed to Augustus, I have determined to send him.
Oecumenius · AD 550 "appealed to the Emperor." He calls the king "Emperor" in a habitual way, as he does Caesar; and addressing him as master he says, "Concerning whom I have nothing certain to write to the master."
Theophylact of Ohrid · AD 1107 Finally, the judge himself testifies about Paul that he was innocent; however, he did not free Paul. The Lord arranged that Paul mentioned Caesar (and those who appealed to Caesar had to be sent to Rome), so that the prediction of Paul himself would be fulfilled, namely: "I must also see Rome" (Acts 19:21).
26 Of whom I have no certain thing to write to my lord. Therefore I have brought him forth before you, and specially before you, O king Agrippa, that, after examination had, I might have somewhat to write.
27 For it seems to me unreasonable to send a prisoner, and not also to signify the crimes laid against him.