Gildas, Lorica. (1899). pp. 289-293. Introduction.
APPENDIX C.
GILDAE LORICA. THE LORICA OF GILDAS.
THE name Lorica is applied to this Hymn and to a number of others of like character, as implying a prayer of invocation for supernatural protection against the evils of life, but more particularly against pestilence and other dangers of death. The idea underlying the name is probably derived from Ephes. vi, 14, where the Apostle bids his readers stand, "having put on the breast-plate of righteousness," which words in the Latin version read induti lorica iustitiae. With these words in mind, the writer of the Hymn makes use of lorica twice in the course of his prayer; so that, as the idea grew that the recitation of the prayer, or similar ones, did provide protection against the dangers of pestilence or sickness, the Hymn itself acquired this appellation. It is called a Lorica; it is called the "Lorica of Gillas" in the Preface which precedes it in the Irish MS. called the Leabhar Breac (in Welsh, Y Llyfr Brych, or Speckled Book), now in the library of the Royal Irish Academy at Dublin. Now Gillas, or Gillus, is a common form for Gildas, especially in Irish documents, as, for instance,
" The ite of Cluain Credail Gillasque,"
in the Annals of Tigernach, or "Gillas obiit," in the Annals of Ulster; the Bern MS. of Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia Regum Britanniae, xii, 6, reads, " cum Gillas historicus testatur." We may, therefore, take the evidence of the writer of this Preface, so far as it goes, that there was an early tradition in Ireland which connected the Lorica printed in this volume with Gildas, the author of the De Excidio. The colophon in the MS. from which Mone first of all printed the Hymn attributes it to " Lathacan the Irishman " (Explicit hymnus quem Lathacan Scotigena fecit), and the same, we can hardly doubt, is the meaning of Lodgen .... constitute, in the. Preface of another MS. If we look at the first-mentioned Preface, as printed below, we see that it involves the chronological error of making Gildas and Laidcenn contemporaries, whereas a whole century intervened between them. Zimmer suggests a way of |290 avoiding this by a very plausible conjectural emendation, but such errors are by no means uncommon. If we accept another solution, which is, in fact, suggested in the punctuation adopted by the editors of The Irish Liber Hymnorum, by supplying eam from hanc orationem of the previous sentence as object to transtulit et portavit, we have a couple of probable facts set before us. This means, in the first place, that the Hymn, or part of it, was composed by Gildas sometime during the years 540-550, because of the plague which ravaged Britain and Ireland about that time; then, secondly, that the Hymn was brought over from Britain (venit ab eo) to Ireland by Laedcenn, son of Baeth the Victorious, and placed upon the altar of St. Patrick for public or liturgic use. The words salvos nos facere (to give us deliverance) appear to imply such a purpose.
It will be convenient to mention here the previous printed editions of this Lorica.
1. It was first published by Mone, with the title Hymnus luricae, from a MS. preserved then at Darmstadt, in his Hymni Latini Medii Aevi, Friburgi, vol. i, 367 (1853). In his notes he refers to it as an interesting example of Irish hymnology of the seventh century. The MS. he dates of the eighth century.
2. In 1855 Antonius Schmid helped Daniel to decipher a Vienna MS. of the sixteenth century, from which the hymn was printed, with the title Hymnum Lyricae, in vol. iv, 364, of the Thesaurus Hymnologicus. On p. 111 Daniel has also printed Mone's transcript with notes.
3. Dr. Stokes published the text of the hymn found in the Leabhar Breac, which belongs to " the latter part of the fourteenth century." This MS. has numerous Irish glosses written between the lines and on the margin; these also Dr. Stokes has printed in full, with translations and notes. Irish Glosses, Dublin, 1860.
4. In 1864 Mr. Cockayne published Leechdoms, Wortcunning, and Starcraft of Early England, Rolls Series; vol. i, p. lxviii, contains this Lorica from the Book of Cerne, a MS. preserved in the University of Cambridge, belonging originally to the Abbey of Cerne in Dorsetshire.
5. For the Hampshire Record Society, the Book of Nunitaminster was edited, in 1889, by Mr. de Gray Birch; this hymn appears on p. 91.
6. In 1893, Dr. Zimmer published the hymn from Mone's MS., (which is now at Cologne), after a fresh collation, at the end of his Anhang to Nenitius Vindicates (1893).
7. The hymn is published in The Irish Liber Hymnorum (Henry Bradshaw Society), 1898, from the text of the Leabhar Breac, which the |291 editors call B, after a fresh collation of the same, as well as of the Book of Cerne and the Book of Nunnaminster.
The present edition is a transcript from No. 7.
We find the name Lorica applied to several hymns, or prayers in verse, for protection in dangers of any kind----"Schutzgebete," as they are called by Bellesheim. But it seems natural to infer that the name at first arose from this very Hymn that is ascribed to Gildas. In the MS. from which Mone printed it, in his Hymni Latini Medii Aevi, and Zimmer in Nennius Vindicatus (1893), as well as Daniel's MS. for his edition of it, in Thesaurus Hymn. iv, 364, there appears the short suggestive title, " Hymn of the Lorica" (Hymnum Loricae). The reason is evident from vv. 57, 61; God, in the former, is asked to be, for him that prays, a breast-plate, or cuirass, or corslet, and the words " with the strong lorica," of the latter verse, are understood in every petition of the fifteen succeeding couplets beginning with " cover" (tege). At that time, therefore, the Hymn itself is not called a Lorica. The preface to the Lorica of St. Patrick, as it is called on p. 381 of the Tripartite Life? is thus translated: "Patrick made this Hymn. In the time of Loegaire MacNeill it was made. |292
And the cause of its composition was to protect himself, with his monks, against the deadly enemies that lay in ambush for the clerics. And this is a lorica of faith for the protection of body and soul against demons and human beings and vices. When any person shall recite it daily with pious meditation on God, demons shall not dare to face him; it shall be a safeguard to him against all poison and envy; it shall be a guard to him against sudden death; it shall be a Lorica for his soul after his decease. . . . And ' Deer's Cry ' is its name." The account of the deer incident, which is the foundation for this explanation of the name Faed Fiada, is found on p. 48; but another interpretation is also proposed, based on the fact that the MSS. read not faed but faeth, and that "feth fiada was a spell peculiar to druids and poets, who by pronouncing certain verses made themselves invisible"; the Irish title of this noted Lorica, in this way, arose from the use of the Hymn " as a charm or incantation to secure invisibility." Here again, though the hymn of prayer for protection is said to be a cuirass or corslet, a lorica (lurech, cf. Welsh llurig), yet the latter word is no name for it; nevertheless, at the time when the earlier Prefaces to Gildas' Hymn printed below were written, it had become the ordinary appellation for it and for similar prayers, almost, it may be added, with the constant implication of a charm or incantation.
Other specimens of this kind of Hymns, called Loricae, are given in the Irish Liber Hymnorum, such as the Hymn Sen De of St. Colman mac Ui Cluasaig, written, as is supposed, at the beginning of the "Yellow Plague," which spread over Ireland during the later years of the seventh century. Others also are mentioned by Mone; some are unpublished; a translation of a portion of one such, by Mr. E. J. Gwynn, is given on p. 210 of the Liber Hymnorum, which will certainly be helpful for comparison with our Lorica:
" God be with me against every sorrow, even the One noble Three,
The Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit!
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Trinity be my protection against swarms of plagues,
Against sudden death, against terror, against treacheries of marauders!
May high Jesus keep me against the Red Plague!
Against demons of all times, the Son of God is my shield,