1 Now it came about in those days that an order went out from Caesar Augustus that there was to be a numbering of all the world.
Tertullian · AD 220 For He was from the native soil of Bethlehem, and from the house of David; as, among the Romans, Mary is described in the census, of whom is born Christ.
Cyril of Alexandria · AD 444 Christ therefore was born in Bethlehem at the time when Augustus Caesar gave orders that the first enrolment should be made. But what necessity was there, some one may perhaps say, for the very wise Evangelist to make special mention of this?
Ancient Greek Expositor · AD 1274 (Metaphrastes et Alexander ander Monachus.) Christ is born also at a time when the princes of Judah had failed, and the kingdom was transferred to Roman governors, to whom the Jews paid tribute; and then was fulfilled the prophecy, saying, There shall not fail a leader from Judah, nor a prince from between his feet, until he shall come who is to be sent. (Gen.
2 This was the first numbering, which was made when Quirinius was ruler of Syria.
Bede · AD 735 This first census was made when Cyrenius was governor of Syria. And all went to be registered, each to his own city. This census taken during the time of Cyrenius is also mentioned by the illustrious Hebrew historian Josephus, in the eighteenth book of Antiquities, as follows: "Cyrenius, a man who through the consent of the Roman Senate ascended through various magistracies to…
Bonaventure · AD 1257 As for the excellence of wisdom in discerning he adds: This first enrollment was made by the governor of Syria, Cyrinus: because this was, as Ambrose says, the first general enrollment, which was begun by Cyrinus; or: first made, that is, first begun, according to Bede, by him who governed in Syria, which is the navel of the habitable world; and thus the said enrollment was car…
3 And all men went to be numbered, everyone to his town.
Bede · AD 735 As at that time in the reign of Augustus and under the governorship of Cyrinus, every one went to his own city to make returns of his property; so now when Christ reigns through His teachers (the governors of the Church) ought we to make returns of righteousness.
Bonaventure · AD 1257 As for the excellence of justice in its pursuit, it is added: And all went to be enrolled, each to his own city. They were therefore carrying out the king's command, and no one was seizing what belonged to another; and thus they had subjection to the king in their enrollment, and peace with one another in quiet and just cohabitation, according to that passage in Romans thirteen…
4 And Joseph went up from Galilee, out of the town of Nazareth, into Judaea, to Beth-lehem, the town of David, because he was of the house and family of David,
Ambrose of Milan · AD 397 But in order that men might know that it was an enrolment of righteousness, there came up to it Joseph and Mary, the just man and the virgin. He who was to be guardian of the Word and she who was to bring it forth.
Bede · AD 735 Now the registration of property was so appointed by Divine guidance, that every one was ordered to go into his own country, as it follows, And they all went to be taxed, every one to his own city. Which so came to pass, in order that the Lord, conceived in one place, born in another, might the more easily escape the fury of the crafty Herod.
Ancient Greek Expositor · AD 1274 (Irenæus cont. Hær. 1. 3. c. 11.) Now he added, a city of David, that he might declare that the promise made by God to David, namely, that from the fruit of his loins there should go before him a king for ever, (2 Sam. 7:12.) was already fulfilled. Whence it follows, Because he was of the house and lineage of David. (Ps.
5 To be put on the list with Mary, his future wife, who was about to become a mother.
Cyril of Alexandria · AD 444 The sacred Evangelist says that Mary was betrothed to Joseph, to show that the conception had taken place upon her betrothal solely, and that the birth of the Emanuel was miraculous, and not in accordance with the laws of nature. For the holy Virgin did not bear from the immission of man's seed. And what was the reason of this?
Theophylact of Ohrid · AD 1107 Christ is also enrolled together with everyone. It was fitting for the Lord to be enrolled with the whole world, in order to sanctify those being enrolled and to abolish slavery; for just as, by undergoing circumcision, He abolished circumcision, so, by being enrolled as a slave, He abolished the slavery of our nature.
Bonaventure · AD 1257 It is shown lastly as fitting to the imperial edict, when it is added: That he might be enrolled with Mary his espoused wife, being great with child. For this had proceeded from the imperial edict.
6 And while they were there, the time came for her to give birth.
Gregory of Nyssa · AD 395 (Diem Nat. Christi.) Though coming in the form of man, yet not in every thing is He subject to the laws of man's nature; for while His being born of a woman, tells of human nature; virginity becoming capable of childbirth betokens something above man.
Gregory the Dialogist · AD 604 (Hom. viii. in Ev.) Bethlehem is by interpretation the house of bread. For it is the Lord Himself who says, I am the bread of life which came down from heaven.
John of Cressy · AD 1313 Rejoice, O Jerusalem, and celebrate, all who love Zion! Today the ancient bond of the condemnation of Adam is loosed. Paradise is opened to us: the serpent is laid low. Of old he deceived the woman in Paradise, but now he sees a woman become mother of the Creator. Oh, the depth of the riches of the wisdom and knowledge of God!
7 And she had her first son; and folding him in linen, she put him to rest in the place where the cattle had their food, because there was no room for them in the house.
Hippolytus of Rome · AD 235 And if you please, we say that the Word was the first-born of God, who came down from heaven to the blessed Mary, and was made a first-born man in her womb, in order that the first-born of God might be manifested in union with a first-born man.
Gregory the Dialogist · AD 604 He who is born not in his parents' house, but on the way, surely showed that through the humanity which he had assumed, he was being born as if in a foreign place. I say "foreign," of course, not according to power, but according to nature. For concerning his power it is written: He came unto his own.
JB Lightfoot · AD 1889 Certain expressions in the evangelical narratives are said to imply that Mary bore other children besides the Lord, and it is even asserted that no unprejudiced person could interpret them otherwise. The justice of this charge may be fairly questioned.
8 And in the same country there were keepers of sheep in the fields, watching over their flock by night.
Irenaeus · AD 202 Therefore Abraham also, knowing the Father through the Word, who made heaven and earth, confessed Him to be God; and having learned, by an announcement [made to him], that the Son of God would be a man among men, by whose advent his seed should be as the stars of heaven, he desired to see that day, so that he might himself also embrace Christ; and, seeing it through the spirit…
Cyril of Alexandria · AD 444 Let me begin my discourse to you with that which is written in the book of Psalms, "Come let us praise the Lord, and sing unto God our Saviour:" for He is the Head of our feast-day, and therefore let us tell His noble doings, and |13 relate the manner of that beautifully contrived dispensation, by means of which He has saved the world, and having placed on each one of us the yo…
Bonaventure · AD 1257 As to the vigilance of their own solicitude, it is said: And there were shepherds in the same region, keeping watch. For this pertains to the pastoral office: whence Jacob, the shepherd of Laban's sheep, said in Genesis thirty-one: "By day I was scorched by heat and by frost at night, and sleep fled from my eyes." And to indicate their greater attentiveness, he adds: And keepin…
9 And an angel of the Lord came to them, and the glory of the Lord was shining round about them: and fear came on them.
Gregory the Dialogist · AD 604 (ubi sup.) It was in a mystery that the Angel appeared to the shepherds while they were watching, and the glory of the Lord shone round about them, implying that they are thought worthy above the rest to see sublime things who take a watchful care of their faithful flocks; and while they themselves are piously watching over them, the Divine grace shines widely round about them.
Theophylact of Ohrid · AD 1107 The angel did not appear in Jerusalem to the Pharisees or scribes, for they were a receptacle of every kind of malice; but those shepherds, being without guile, were deemed worthy of divine visions.
Ancient Greek Expositor · AD 1274 (Geometer.) They were alarmed at the miracle, as it follows, And they were afraid, &c. But the Angel dispels their rising fears. He not only soothes their terrors, but pours gladness into their hearts; for it follows, For, behold, I bring you good tidings of great joy, &c. not to the Jewish people only, but to all.
10 And the angel said, Have no fear; for truly, I give you good news of great joy which will be for all the people:
Origen of Alexandria · AD 253 Why then did the angel not go to Jerusalem, why did he not seek out the scribes and Pharisees, why did he not enter the synagogue of the Jews, but found "shepherds living out in the fields and keeping watch over their flock by night" and announced it to them?
Theophylact of Ohrid · AD 1107 The angel announced "great joy," which, he said, will be for all the people — specifically, for the people of God. For not all Jews are the people of God. But the incarnation of God was a joy for the entire human race as well.
Bonaventure · AD 1257 And the Angel said to them etc. Here secondly is described the announcement inviting to exultation: in which is prefaced an exhortation to confidence and to joy, and there follows the announcement, expressing the cause of joy. Therefore the Angel, exhorting to confidence, said to them: Do not be afraid.
11 For on this day, in the town of David, a Saviour has come to birth, who is Christ the Lord.
Irenaeus · AD 202 And the angel of the Lord, he says, appeared to the shepherds, proclaiming joy to them: "For [Luke 2:11, etc.] there is born in the house of David, a Saviour, which is Christ the Lord.
Bede · AD 735 It is good that the angel said "has been born today" and did not say "this night." He appeared with heavenly light to those who were conducting the watch by night and brought the good news that day was born.… He who appeared temporally in the city of David as a human being from a virgin mother was, in truth, himself born before all time and without spatial limitation, light fro…
Ancient Greek Expositor · AD 1274 (Geometer) He marks the time of our Lord's nativity, when he says, To-day, and the place when he adds, In the city of David; and the signs thereof when it follows, And there shall be a sign, &c. Now the Angels bring tidings to the shepherds of the Chief Shepherd, as of a lamb discovered and brought up in a cave.
12 And this is the sign to you: you will see a young child folded in linen, in the place where the cattle have their food.
Maximus of Turin · AD 465 (in Serm. Nativ. 4.) But if perhaps the swaddling clothes are mean in thy eyes, admire the Angels singing praises together. If thou despisest the manger, raise thy eyes a little, and behold the new star in heaven proclaiming to the world the Lord's nativity. If thou believest the mean things, believe also the mighty.
Bede · AD 735 And this will be a sign for you. You will find a baby wrapped in swaddling clothes and lying in a manger. The infancy of the Savior and the proclamations of angels and the testimonies of the evangelists have often been impressed upon us, so that it might be firmly fixed in our hearts what He became for us.
Bonaventure · AD 1257 And this shall be a sign to you, etc. After the disposition preparing for hearing and the announcement inviting to exultation, there follows here thirdly a confirmation assuring for believing.
13 And suddenly there was with the angel a great band of spirits from heaven, giving praise to God, and saying,
Tertullian · AD 220 We do not care a jot for that multitude of the heavenly host which praised their Lord at night. Let the shepherds take better care of their flock, and let the wise men spare their legs so long a journey; let them keep their gold to themselves.
Cyril of Alexandria · AD 444 This peace has been made through Christ, for He has reconciled us by Himself to God and our Father, (2 Cor. 5:18, 19, Eph. 2:16, Col. 1:20.) having taken away our guilt, which was the ground of offence also. He has united two nations in one man, and has joined the heavenly and the earthly in one flock.
Bonaventure · AD 1257 As for the persuasion of credible testimony, it is added: And suddenly there was with the Angel a multitude; that is, there was with him to confirm equally the angelic word and to venerate the little one born, according to that passage in Hebrews 1: "When he brings the firstborn into the world, he says: And let all his Angels adore him." And it is pointedly said multitude, acco…
14 Glory to God in the highest, and on the earth peace among men with whom he is well pleased.
Origen of Alexandria · AD 253 And the angelic host joins in the hymn saying, "Glory to God in the highest," and, "Peace on earth among men of goodwill," since they had labored to assist people and saw that they could not accomplish the work entrusted to them without the Savior. Through "peace on earth," it is revealed that good things be brought about on earth and in heaven through His visitation.
Cyril of Alexandria · AD 444 Look not upon him who was laid in the manger as a babe merely, but in our poverty see him who as God is rich, and in the measure of our humanity him who prospers those in heaven, and who therefore is glorified even by the angels.
John of Cressy · AD 1313 Heaven and earth are united today, for Christ is born! Today God has come upon earth, and humankind gone up to heaven. Today, for the sake of humankind, the invisible one is seen in the flesh.
15 And when the angels had gone away from them into heaven, the keepers of the sheep said to one another, Let us go now to Beth-lehem, and see this thing which has come about, which the Lord has made clear to us.
Origen of Alexandria · AD 253 But in a mystery, the Angels saw that they could not accomplish the work committed to them without Him Who was truly able to save, and that their healing fell short of what the care of men required.
Theophylact of Ohrid · AD 1107 These shepherds are a type of the spiritual shepherds — the bishops. Thus, bishops must guard their flock and play, that is, sing something spiritual and teach the people, and then they will be deemed worthy of divine visions and hearings.
Ancient Greek Expositor · AD 1274 (Geometer.) The shepherds were filled with astonishment at the things that they saw and heard, and so they left their sheep-folds, and set out by night to Bethlehem, seeking for the light of the Saviour; and therefore it is said, They spoke one to another, &c.
16 And they came quickly, and saw Mary and Joseph, and the child in the place where the cattle had their food.
Origen of Alexandria · AD 253 But because they came in haste, and not with loitering steps, it follows, They found Mary, (i. e. her who had brought Jesus into the, world,) and Joseph, (i. e. the guardian of our Lord's birth,) and the babe lying in the manger, (i. e.
Bede · AD 735 And they came with haste, and found Mary, and Joseph, and the babe lying in a manger. And when they had seen it, they made known abroad the saying which was told them concerning this child. The shepherds hasten to Christ whom they recognize, desiring with all the intent of their mind to see His coming. For Christ's presence is not to be sought with idleness.
Bonaventure · AD 1257 As for the promptness of execution, it is added thirdly: And they came with haste. And this is what is said in Proverbs 9: "Teach a just man, and he will hasten to receive." This haste was a sign of interior promptness, by which they wished to be presented before the divine sight; Proverbs 22: "Have you seen a man swift in his work?
17 And when they saw it, they gave them an account of the things which had been said to them about the child.
Bede · AD 735 It seems to succeed in due order, that after having rightly celebrated the incarnation of the Word, we should at length come to behold the actual glory of that Word. Hence it follows: But when they saw it, they made known the word which had been spoken to them.
Bonaventure · AD 1257 And because this sign was given by the Angel, therefore it is added: But seeing, they recognized concerning the word that had been spoken to them about this child, namely, that it was true.
Ancient Greek Expositor · AD 1274 (Photius) Beholding with hidden faith indeed the happy events which had been told them, and not content with marvelling at the reality of those things which at the very first they saw and embraced when the Angel told them, they began to relate them not only to Mary and Joseph, but to the others also, (and what is more they impressed them on their minds,) as it follows, And all…
18 And all those to whose ears it came were full of wonder at the things said by the keepers of the sheep.
Bede · AD 735 And all who heard were amazed at what was spoken to them by the shepherds. By the shepherds, the people are driven to the reverence of God. Do not consider this example of faith to be trivial, nor the person of the shepherds to be insignificant. Certainly, the less they are esteemed for their prudence, the more precious they are for their faith.
Bonaventure · AD 1257 Not only was it approved with certitude, but also swiftly made known: wherefore it is added: And all who heard marveled, namely at the little child born, and at the things that were told them by the shepherds, which they had heard from the Angel.
Glossa Ordinaria · AD 1274 Not only do they marvel at the mystery of the incarnation, but also at so wonderful an attestation of the shepherds, men who could not have devised these unheard of things, but were with simple eloquence proclaiming the truth.
19 But Mary kept all these words in her heart, and gave much thought to them.
Ambrose of Milan · AD 397 Esteem not the words of the shepherds as mean and despicable. For from the shepherds Mary increases her faith, as it follows: Mary kept all these sayings, and pondered them in her heart. Let us learn the chastity of the sacred Virgin in all things, who no less chaste in her words than in her body, gathered up in her heart the materials of faith.
Theophylact of Ohrid · AD 1107 What words did the Virgin "keep"? Some say those which the Angel spoke to Her, and those which the shepherds told Her. She preserved them and "pondered them in Her heart," that is, she considered them and found in all of them one harmonious thought: that Her Son is God.
Ancient Greek Expositor · AD 1274 (Metaphrastes) Whatever the Angel had said unto her, whatever she had heard from Zacharias, and Elisabeth, and the shepherds, she collected them all in her mind, and comparing them together, perceived in all one harmony. Truly, He was God who was born from her.
20 Then the keepers of the sheep went back, giving glory and praise to God for all the things which had come to their ears and which they had seen, as it had been said to them.
Athanasius of Alexandria · AD 373 (non occ.) But every one rejoiced in the nativity of Christ, not with human feelings, as men are wont to rejoice when a son is born, but at the presence of Christ and the lustre of the Divine light. As it follows: And the shepherds returned, glorifying and praising God for every thing they had heard, &c.
Theophylact of Ohrid · AD 1107 The shepherds returned with thanksgiving to God for all things; for they were not envious like the Jews.
Bonaventure · AD 1257 And the shepherds returned etc. Here the diligence of the shepherds is commended on account of the gratitude of devotion. For devotion to be acceptable to God, it is necessary that the hand, the mind, and the tongue resound and harmonize together: the hand by working, the tongue by praising, the mind by recognizing.
21 And when, after eight days, the time came for his circumcision, he was named Jesus, the name which the angel had given to him before his birth.
Origen of Alexandria · AD 253 For it is not by incantations that Christians seem to prevail (over evil spirits), but by the name of Jesus, accompanied by the announcement of the narratives which relate to Him; for the repetition of these has frequently been the means of driving demons out of men, especially when those who repeated them did so in a sound and genuinely believing spirit.
Cyril of Alexandria · AD 444 VERY numerous indeed is the assembly, and earnest the hearer:----for we see the Church full:----but the teacher is but poor. He nevertheless Who giveth to man a mouth and tongue, will further supply us with good ideas.
Bonaventure · AD 1257 As to the first, it should be noted that "everyone who humbles himself shall be exalted"; therefore the humiliation according to the precept of the Law is set forth first, when it is said: And after eight days were completed, that the child should be circumcised etc.
22 And when the necessary days for making them clean by the law of Moses had come to an end, they took him to Jerusalem to give him to the Lord
Irenaeus · AD 202 And still further does Luke say in reference to the Lord: "When the days of purification were accomplished, they brought Him up to Jerusalem, to present Him before the Lord, as it is written in the law of the Lord, That every male opening the womb shall be called holy to the Lord; and that they should offer a sacrifice, as it is said in the law of the Lord, a pair of turtle-dov…
Titus of Bostra · AD 378 Therefore the Evangelist has well observed, that the days of her purification were come according to the law, who since she had conceived of the Holy Spirit, was free from all uncleanness. It follows, They brought him to Jerusalem to present him to the Lord.
Bonaventure · AD 1257 First, therefore, with respect to the appointed time, it says: And after the days of her purification according to the law of Moses were fulfilled. Leviticus 12: "If a woman, having received seed, shall bear a male child, she shall be unclean seven days.
23 (As it says in the law of the Lord, Every mother's first male child is to be holy to the Lord),
Irenaeus · AD 202 They [heretics - disciples of Valentinus] moreover affirm that the Saviour is shown to be derived from all the Aeons, and to be in Himself everything by the following passage: "Every male that openeth the womb." For He, being everything, opened the womb of the enthymesis of the suffering Aeon, when it had been expelled from the Pleroma.
Ambrose of Milan · AD 397 For no union with man disclosed the secrets of the virgin's womb, but the Holy Spirit infused the immaculate seed into an inviolate womb. He then who sanctified another womb in order that a prophet should be born, He it is who has opened the womb of His own mother, that the Immaculate should come forth.
Bonaventure · AD 1257 Third, with respect to the written commandment, it is added: As it is written in the law of the Lord, that every male opening the womb shall be called holy to the Lord: Exodus 13: "Sanctify to me every firstborn that opens the womb among the children of Israel, as well of men as of beasts." But this does not seem to apply to the Virgin Mary, who is the closed gate before birth…
24 And to make an offering, as it is ordered in the law of the Lord, of two doves or other young birds.
Clement of Alexandria · AD 215 And when He says, "as suckling calves," He again alludes figuratively to us; and "as an innocent and gentle dove," the reference is again to us.
Bede · AD 735 Now this was the victim of the poor. For the Lord commanded in the law that they who were able should offer a lamb for a son or a daughter as well as a turtle dove or pigeon; but they who were not able to offer a lamb should give two turtle doves or two young pigeons.
Bonaventure · AD 1257 Fourth, with respect to the price offered, it is added: And that they might give for him a sacrifice, according to what is said in the law of the Lord, a pair of turtledoves, or two young pigeons.
25 And there was then in Jerusalem a man whose name was Simeon; and he was an upright man, fearing God and waiting for the comfort of Israel: and the Holy Spirit was on him.
Tertullian · AD 220 Spare also the babe from circumcision, that he may escape the pain thereof; nor let him be brought into the temple, lest he burden his parents with the expense of the offering; nor let him be handed to Simeon, lest the old man be saddened at the point of death. Let that old woman also hold her tongue, lest she should bewitch the child.
Cyril of Alexandria · AD 444 The prophet Isaiah says, "Beautiful are the feet of them that bring good tidings of good:" and what could there be so sweet to learn as that God has saved the world by the mediation of the Son, in that He was made like unto us?
Bonaventure · AD 1257 As to reputation, it is said: And behold, there was a man in Jerusalem whose name was Simeon; which city was royal and priestly, where the worship of God according to the observance of the Law most especially flourished, whence it is called holy. From this it is given to understand that a man who had a reputation in such a city was of great integrity.
26 And he had knowledge, through the Holy Spirit, that he would not see death till he had seen the Lord's Christ.
Cosmas Indicopleustes · AD 550 The salvation of God here signifies Christ; for thus also Symeon, when he took up Christ in his arms, prayed God to be allowed to depart from this life, since his eyes had seen the salvation of God, namely Christ himself for it had been revealed to him by the Spirit that he should not see death, until he had seen the Lord Christ
Bede · AD 735 To see death means to undergo it, and happy will he be to see the death of the flesh who has first been enabled to see with the eyes of his heart the Lord Christ, having his conversation in the heavenly Jerusalem, and frequently entering the doors of God's temple, that is, following the examples of the saints in whom God dwells as in His temple.
Bonaventure · AD 1257 And he had received an answer. Here secondly he is commended by the Spirit of truth as leading him to wait upon a divine response; with respect to which it says: And he had received an answer from the Holy Spirit, namely through revelation: Isaiah 30: "At the voice of your cry, as soon as he shall hear, he will answer you." He had received a consolatory answer, according to Zec…
27 And full of the Spirit he came into the Temple; and when the father and mother came in with the child Jesus, to do with him what was ordered by the law,
Origen of Alexandria · AD 253 If thou wilt touch Jesus and grasp Him in thy hands, strive with all thy strength to have the Spirit for thy guide, and come to the temple of God. For it follows, And when his parents brought in the child Jesus, (i. e. Mary His mother, and Joseph His reputed father,) to do for him after the custom of the law, then took he him up in his arms.
Theophylact of Ohrid · AD 1107 This Simeon, moved by the Holy Spirit, went up to the temple when the Mother brought the Lord.
Bonaventure · AD 1257 Secondly he is also commended by the Spirit of truth as leading him to meet in the temple; with respect to which it is said: And he came in the Spirit into the temple; he came indeed as one led by the Holy Spirit: Romans 8: "Whosoever are led by the Spirit of God, they are the sons of God." He came indeed to serve and venerate the Lord, so that he could say that word of the Psa…
28 Then he took him in his arms and gave praise to God and said,
Irenaeus · AD 202 They say, too, that Simeon, "who took Christ into his arms, and gave thanks to God, and said, Lord, now lettest Thou Thy servant depart in peace, according to Thy word," [Luke 2:28] was a type of the Demiurge, who, on the arrival of the Saviour, learned his own change of place, and gave thanks to Bythus.
Ambrose of Milan · AD 397 Observe then that this just man, confined as it were in the prison house of his earthly frame, is longing to be loosed, that he may again be with Christ. (Phil. 1:23.) But whoso would be cleansed, let him come into the temple;—into Jerusalem: let him wait for the Lord's Christ, let him receive in his hands the word of God, and embrace it as it were with the arms of his faith.
Bonaventure · AD 1257 And he himself received him into his arms. Behold, the devotion of the old man in embracing the little child, by which he offered his whole self to Christ, so that he could say that word of the bride in Song of Songs 1: "My beloved is a bundle of myrrh to me; he shall abide between my breasts." For he wished to fulfill that word of the last chapter of Song of Songs: "Set me as…
29 Now you are letting your servant go in peace, O Lord, as you have said;
Irenaeus · AD 202 Therefore Abraham also, knowing the Father through the Word, who made heaven and earth, confessed Him to be God; and having learned, by an announcement [made to him], that the Son of God would be a man among men, by whose advent his seed should be as the stars of heaven, he desired to see that day, so that he might himself also embrace Christ; and, seeing it through the spirit…
Gregory of Nyssa · AD 395 (ubi sup.) For since Christ has destroyed the enemy, which is sin, and has reconciled us to the Father, the removal of saints has been in peace.
Ancient Greek Expositor · AD 1274 (Photius.) Simeon blessed God also, because the promises made to him had received their true fulfilment. For He was reckoned worthy to see with his eyes, and to carry in his arms the consolation of Israel. And therefore he says, According to thy word, i. e. since I have obtained the completion of thy promises.
30 For my eyes have seen your salvation,
Athanasius of Alexandria · AD 373 (non occ.) That is to say, the salvation wrought by Christ for the whole world. How then was it said above that he was watching for the consolation of Israel, but because he truly perceived in the spirit that consolation would be to Israel at that time when salvation was prepared for all people.
Theophylact of Ohrid · AD 1107 He called the incarnation of the Only-begotten "salvation," which God prepared before all ages.
Ancient Greek Expositor · AD 1274 (ubi sup.) But it had been twice promised to him that he should not sec death before he should sec the Lord's Christ, and therefore he adds, to show that this promise was fulfilled, For mine eyes have seen thy salvation.
31 Which you have made ready before the face of all nations;
Cyril of Alexandria · AD 444 (ubi sup.) But Christ was the mystery which has been revealed in the last times of the world, having been prepared before the foundation of the world. Hence it follows, which thou hast prepared before the face of all men.
Bonaventure · AD 1257 But this salvation was not particular, but universal; and therefore he adds: Which you have prepared before the face of all peoples, according to that word of Isaiah 52: "All the ends of the earth shall see the salvation of our God." He already saw verified that word of the Psalm: "The Lord has made known his salvation; in the sight of the nations"; there follows: "All the ends…
Ancient Greek Expositor · AD 1274 (Photius.) Mark the wisdom of the good and venerable old man, who before that he was thought worthy of the blessed vision, was waiting for the consolation of Israel, but when he obtained that which he was looking for, exclaims that he saw the salvation of all people.
32 A light of revelation to the Gentiles, and the glory of your people Israel.
Tertullian · AD 220 The cleansing of the Syrian rather was significant throughout the nations of the world of their own cleansing in Christ their light, steeped as they were in the stains of the seven deadly sins: idolatry, blasphemy, murder, adultery, fornication, false-witness, and fraud.
Cyril of Alexandria · AD 444 (ubi sup.) But Christ coming was made a light to them that sat in darkness, being sore oppressed by the power of the devil, but they were called by God the Father to the knowledge of His Son, Who is the true light.
Bonaventure · AD 1257 And as to the light of wisdom: on account of which he adds: A light for the revelation of the Gentiles: Isaiah 9: "To those dwelling in the region of the shadow of death, a light has risen for them." And this light will reveal the glory of God to the nations: Isaiah 40: "The glory of the Lord shall be revealed, and all flesh shall see the salvation of God"; Daniel 2: "He reveal…
33 And his father and mother were full of wonder at the things which were said about him.
Origen of Alexandria · AD 253 Both by the angel and the multitude of the heavenly host, by the shepherds also, and Simeon. But they who look deeper into the matter may say, that since the genealogy is deduced from David to Joseph, therefore lest Joseph should seem to be mentioned for no purpose, as not being the father of the Saviour, he was called His father, that the genealogy might maintain its place.
Bede · AD 735 Joseph is called the father of the Saviour, not because he was (as the Photinians say) His real father, but because from regard to the reputation of Mary, all men considered him so.
Ancient Greek Expositor · AD 1274 (Photius.) The knowledge of supernatural things, as often as it is brought to the recollection, renews the miracle in the mind, and hence it is said, His father and mother marvelled at those things which were said of him.
34 And Simeon gave them his blessing and said to Mary, his mother, See, this child will be the cause of the downfall and the lifting up of great numbers of people in Israel, and he will be a sign against which hard words will be said;
Tertullian · AD 220 This stumbling-stone Marcion retains still. Now, what is that "foolishness of God which is wiser than men," but the cross and death of Christ? What is that "weakness of God which is stronger than men," but the nativity and incarnation of God?
Amphilochius of Iconium · AD 403 He is set for the fall of the unbelieving Jews, but for the resurrection of the believing Gentiles. "And for a sign that is spoken against." The cross is a sign that is spoken against. Why? Because many who did not believe denied him at the cross. They ridiculed it both by deeds and words.
Ancient Greek Expositor · AD 1274 (ubi sup.) Having given praise to God, Simeon now turns to bless them that brought the Child, as it follows, And Simeon blessed them.
35 (And a sword will go through your heart;) so that the secret thoughts of men may come to light.
Origen of Alexandria · AD 253 But the evil thoughts of men were revealed, that He Who died for us might slay them; for while they were hidden, it was impossible to utterly destroy them. Hence also when we have sinned we ought to say, Mine iniquity have I not hid. (Ps. 32:5.) For if we make known our sins not only to God, but to whoever can heal our wounds, our sins will be blotted out.
Augustine of Hippo · AD 430 (de Nov. ac vet, Test. c. 73.) Or by this is signified that Mary also, through whom was performed the mystery of the incarnation, looked with doubt and astonishment at the death of her Lord, seeing the Son of God so humbled as to come down even to death.
Bonaventure · AD 1257 The blessed Virgin did not have pain preceding the delivery, because she did not conceive from sin, as did Eve, to whom the curse was given; rather, she had pain after the delivery. Whence she gave birth before she was in labor.
36 And there was one, Anna, a woman prophet, the daughter of Phanuel, of the family of Asher (she was very old, and after seven years of married life
Irenaeus · AD 202 They also assert that by Anna, who is spoken of in the gospel [Luke 2:36] as a prophetess, and who, after living seven years with her husband, passed all the rest of her life in widowhood until she saw the Saviour, and recognised Him, and spoke of Him to all, was most plainly indicated Achamoth, who, having for a little while looked upon the Saviour with His associates, and dwe…
Gregory of Nyssa · AD 395 (ubi sup.) Or because at that time there were several others who were called by the same name, that there might be a plain way of distinguishing her, he mentions her father, and describes the quality of her parents.
Bonaventure · AD 1257 And there was Anna, a prophetess, etc. After the testimony of the male sex, there follows here the testimony of the female sex. For it was fitting that the coming of Christ should have testimony from every kind of person, so that those who do not believe the Gospel may be without excuse.
37 She had been a widow for eighty-four years); she was in the Temple at all times, worshipping with prayers and going without food, night and day.
Cyprian · AD 258 Let not us, then, who are in Christ-that is, always in the lights cease from praying even during night. Thus the widow Anna, without intermission praying and watching, persevered in deserving well of God, as it is written in the I Gospel: "She departed not," it says, "from the temple, serving with fastings and prayers night and day." Let the Gentiles look to this, who!
Bonaventure · AD 1257 And she was a widow even unto eighty-four years; and thus she had virginal, widowed, and conjugal continence according to place and time.
38 And coming up at that time, she gave praise to God, talking of him to all those who were waiting for the freeing of Jerusalem.
Origen of Alexandria · AD 253 But because Anna's words were nothing remarkable, and of no great note respecting Christ, the Gospel does not give the particulars of what she said, and perhaps for this reason one may suppose that Simeon anticipated her, since he indeed bore the character of the law, (for his name signifies obedience,) but she the character of grace, (which her name is by interpretation,) and…
Bede · AD 735 And coming up at that moment she gave thanks to the Lord and spoke about him to all who were looking forward to the redemption of Jerusalem. [Simeon prophesied, the one joined in marriage prophesied, the virgin prophesied, and the widow should also prophesy, so that no state of life or sex should be wanting.
Bonaventure · AD 1257 And she, at that very hour, etc. Here thirdly is described the solemnity of the testimony, both by reason of the fitting time and by reason of the consenting multitude.
39 And when they had done all the things which were ordered by the law of the Lord, they went back to Galilee, to Nazareth, the town where they were living.
Bede · AD 735 And when they had completed everything according to the law of the Lord, they returned to Galilee, to their city Nazareth.
Bonaventure · AD 1257 And when they had performed etc. After Christ's humiliation according to the precept of the Law and his glorification through the testimony of truth have been described, there is here subjoined the last section of this part, in which is described the consummation of the aforesaid things, and this is stated first with respect to the legal precept, then with respect to the prophe…
Ancient Greek Expositor · AD 1274 (Metaphrastes.) Or again, Luke is here describing the time before the descent to Egypt, for before her purification Joseph had not taken Mary there.
40 And the child became tall and strong and full of wisdom, and the grace of God was on him.
Origen of Alexandria · AD 253 In the Gospel of Luke, the Holy Spirit writes this of him before he reached the age of twelve: "But the boy grew and was strengthened, and he was filled with wisdom." Human nature itself does not permit this, that wisdom is perfected before the twelfth year of life.
Bede · AD 735 We must observe the distinction of words, that the Lord Jesus Christ in that He was a child, that is, had put on the condition of human weakness, was daily growing and being strengthened. Wisdom truly, for in Him dwelleth all the fulness of the Godhead bodily, (Col.
Bonaventure · AD 1257 But the child grew etc. Above the Evangelist described how the Savior was made subject to the ceremonial law; here he describes how he was made subject to the moral law.
41 And every year his father and mother went to Jerusalem at the feast of the Passover.
Origen of Alexandria · AD 253 But we must not wonder that they are called His parents, seeing the one from her childbirth, the other from his knowledge of it, deserved the names of father and mother.
Bede · AD 735 The Lord's coming every year to Jerusalem for the Passover with his parents is an indication of his human humility. It is characteristic of human beings to gather to offer God the votive offerings of spiritual sacrifices, and by plentiful prayers and tears to dispose their Maker toward them.
Bonaventure · AD 1257 And his parents went etc. Here is described the reverence of the divine majesty, which consists in the worship of religion, and is shown in Christ according to the guidance of the parents and according to his own instinct. As for the guidance of the parents it is said: And his parents went every year to Jerusalem.
42 And when he was twelve years old, they went up, as their way was, to the feast;
Ambrose of Milan · AD 397 In the twelfth year, as we read, the beginning of the Lord's discussion is taken; for here the number of evangelizers who were to preach the faith was owed.
Bede · AD 735 And when he was twelve years old, as they went up to Jerusalem according to the custom of the feast day, and having completed the days as they returned, the boy Jesus remained in Jerusalem.
Ancient Greek Expositor · AD 1274 (Geometer) His indication of wisdom did not exceed the measure of His age, but at the time that with us the powers of discernment are generally perfected, the wisdom of Christ shows itself.
43 And when the days of the feast came to an end and they were going back, the boy Jesus was still in Jerusalem, but they had no knowledge of it:
Origen of Alexandria · AD 253 But as when the Jews plotted against Him He escaped from the midst of them, and was not seen; so now it seems that the Child Jesus remained, and His parents knew not where He was. As it follows, And not finding him, they returned to Jerusalem, seeking for him. (John 10:29.)
Theophylact of Ohrid · AD 1107 Jesus goes to Jerusalem together with His parents, in order to show in everything that He neither opposes God nor resists the requirements of the Law. When they had fulfilled the days, that is, the seven days of Passover, He "remained... in Jerusalem."
Ancient Greek Expositor · AD 1274 (Metaphrastes vel Geometer.) The feast having been celebrated, while the rest returned, Jesus secretly tarried behind. As it follows, And when they had fulfilled the days, as they returned, the child Jesus tarried behind in Jerusalem; and his parents knew not of it. It is said, When the days were accomplished, because the feast lasted seven days.
44 And in the belief that he was with some of their number, they went a day's journey; and after looking for him among their relations and friends,
Origen of Alexandria · AD 253 He is not found as soon as sought for, for Jesus was not among His kinsfolk and relations, among those who are joined to Him in the flesh, nor in the company of the multitude can He be found. Learn where those who seek Him find Him, not every where, but in the temple. And do thou then seek Jesus in the temple of God.
Bonaventure · AD 1257 And lest you think that this ignorance was from negligence, on account of which Mary would be blameworthy, he adds the cause: But supposing him to be in the company, they came a day's journey: because, since the men traveled with the men, and the women with the women separately, it was probable to the father that the boy was with his mother, and probable to the mother that he w…
45 And seeing that he was not there, they went back to Jerusalem, to make search for him.
Bonaventure · AD 1257 And therefore there follows: And not finding him, they returned to Jerusalem, so that him whom they could not find in the company of their kindred they might find in the place of prayer, according to that word of the Psalm: "Behold, we heard of him in Ephrata"; and after: "We shall enter into his tabernacle." They returned, I say, seeking him; according to that word of Song of…
Glossa Ordinaria · AD 1274 (ordin.) Or they feared lest Herod who sought Him in His infancy, now that He was advanced to boyhood might find an opportunity of putting Him to death.
46 And after three days they came across him in the Temple, seated among the wise men, giving ear to their words and putting questions to them.
Origen of Alexandria · AD 253 Because he was a small child, he is found "in the midst of teachers," sanctifying and instructing them. Because he was a small child, he is found "in their midst," not teaching them but "asking questions." He did this because it is appropriate to his age, to teach us what befits boys, even if they are wise and learned.
Theophylact of Ohrid · AD 1107 He was reasoning with the scribes, posing questions to them from the Law.
Glossa Ordinaria · AD 1274 (ordin.) They were on their way home, one day's journey from Jerusalem; on the second day they seek for Him among their kinsfolk and acquaintance, and when they found Him not, they returned on the third day to Jerusalem, and there they found Him. As it follows, And it came to pass, after three days they found him.
47 And all to whose ears it came were full of wonder at his knowledge and the answers which he gave.
John Chrysostom · AD 407 (sup. Joh. Hom. 20.) The Lord truly did no miracle in His childhood, yet this one fact St. Luke mentions, which made men look with wonder upon Him.
Theophylact of Ohrid · AD 1107 And all "were amazed." Do you see how He was advancing in wisdom, so that for many He became an object of curiosity and wonder? For the manifestation of His wisdom is His very advancement.
Bonaventure · AD 1257 And they were astonished, etc. Here after the humiliation he adds the clarification: when it is said: And all who heard him were astonished at his understanding and his answers: because he answered most wisely, beyond estimation.
48 And when they saw him they were surprised, and his mother said to him, Son, why have you done this to us? see, your father and I have been looking for you with sorrow.
Origen of Alexandria · AD 253 The holy Virgin knew that He was not the Son of Joseph, and yet calls her husband His father according to the belief of the Jews, who thought that He was conceived in the common way.
Bede · AD 735 And his mother said to him: Son, why have you done this to us? Behold, your father and I, sorrowing, have been seeking you. And he said to them: Why were you seeking me? Did you not know that I must be about my Father's business?
Ancient Greek Expositor · AD 1274 (ubi sup.) But the ever-wonderful mother of God, moved by a mother's feelings, as it were with weeping makes her mournful enquiry, in every thing like a mother, with confidence, humility, and affection. As it follows, And his mother said unto him, Son, what hast thou done?
49 And he said to them, Why were you looking for me? was it not clear to you that my right place was in my Father's house?
Irenaeus · AD 202 Some passages, also, which occur in the Gospels, receive from them a colouring of the same kind, such as the answer which He gave His mother when He was twelve years of age: "Wist ye not that I must be about My Father's business?" Thus, they say, He announced to them the Father of whom they were ignorant.
Cyril of Alexandria · AD 444 Here then first He makes more open mention of Him Who is truly His Father, and lays bare His own divinity: for when the holy Virgin said, Child, why hast Thou so done unto us?
Ancient Greek Expositor · AD 1274 (Geometer.) This is the first demonstration of the wisdom and power of the Child Jesus. For as to what are called thea acts of His childhood, we can not but suppose them to be the work not only of a childish but even of a devilish mind and perverse will, attempting to revile those things which are contained in the Gospel and the sacred prophecies.
50 And his words seemed strange to them.
Origen of Alexandria · AD 253 Or they knew not whether when He said about my Father's business, He referred to the temple, or something higher and more edifying; for every one of us who doeth good, is the seat of God the Father; but whoso is the seat of God the Father, has Christ in the midst of him.
Theophylact of Ohrid · AD 1107 "But they did not understand" what He said to them, for this was a mystery.
Bonaventure · AD 1257 And because the word was hidden, it is added: And they did not understand: First Corinthians 2: "We speak wisdom hidden in mystery"; and Tobit 12: "It is good to hide the secret of a king." In this, however, that Christ, when he was corrected, humbly excused himself, and when he was invited by his Mother to perform a miracle, responded harshly, he gave us an example and pattern…
51 And he went down with them and came to Nazareth; and did as he was ordered: and his mother kept all these words in her heart.
Origen of Alexandria · AD 253 Children, we should learn to be subject to our parents. The greater is subject to the lesser. Jesus understood that Joseph was greater than he in age, and therefore he gave him the honor due a parent. He gave an example to every son.… I think Joseph understood that Jesus, who was subject to him, was greater than he.
Philoxenus of Mabbug · AD 523 It is written that before His baptism He was subject unto His parents; "He went back with them to Nazareth, and was subject unto them." But observe that, after the baptism, when He was delivering a rule of life which was more perfect than this to the children of men, He was not persuaded to acknowledge parents after the body.
Ancient Greek Expositor · AD 1274 (ubi sup.) All that time of the life of Christ which He passed between His manifestation in the temple and His baptism, being devoid of any great public miracles or teaching, the Evangelist sums up in one word, saying, And he went down with them.
52 And Jesus was increasing in wisdom and in years, and in grace before God and men.
Tertullian · AD 220 I blush not at an error which I have ceased to hold, because I am delighted at having ceased to hold it, because I recognise myself to be better and more modest. No one blushes at his own improvement. Even in Christ, knowledge had its stages of growth; through which stages the apostle, too, passed.
Bede · AD 735 And Jesus increased in wisdom and stature, and in favor with God and men. This passage refutes both the Manichaeans and the Apollinarians alike, showing that the Lord truly had flesh and a true soul. For as stature pertains to the body, so wisdom and favor pertain to the soul.
Bonaventure · AD 1257 But as to the indication of his own virtue, there is added: And Jesus advanced in age, namely on the part of the body, as Samuel: 1 Kings 2: "The boy Samuel advanced and grew, and was pleasing both to God and to men." And this advancement was according to essence, but the interior advancement was according to evidence, of which it is said: And in wisdom, namely in the intellect…